A Yellow Raft in Blue Water

Nicole Freche Mr. Ontiveros World Literature – 2nd period December 5, 2010 Friends Forever! â€Å"Trust is like a vase†¦ once it’s broken, though you can fix the vase, it’ll never be the same again† – Author unknown. Almost every person has had at least one person who he or she can confide their secrets. Over time one can learn whether or not he or she can trust or believe another will hold that confidence. If that certitude is shattered, it takes time again to reconcile and to earn it back.In Michael Dorris’s novel, A Yellow Raft in Blue Water, Ida is a girl who entrusts in her young Aunt Clara with secrets from school to boys. When Clara reveals Ida’s hope about Willard Pretty Dog, the trust is broken; despite this, Ida still helps Clara and also creates herself a new certitude through Clara’s daughter, Christine. Clara comes to live with Ida and her family to take care of Mama and instantly Ida becomes infatuated with he r. Clara is the opposite of Ida: pretty, little, and neat. Ida acts very friendly and giving towards Clara.After a while she admits that she â€Å"confided my secrets and sought her advice† (Dorris, 303). Ida even felt â€Å"encouraged by her sureness† (304) with what she has told her; especially when Ida tells Clara about her crush and hope of Willard Pretty Dog. Clara makes Ida feel good about herself with the advice she gives her. Ida feels as if she has a friend that she can trust and a person who can be a role model. Ida has created her certitude through Clara. Clara has brought shame to the family and is pregnant with Ida’s father’s child.In order to hide this shame Clara came up with the idea of Ida pretending to be with child. Clara mentioning this hurts Ida but what hurts Ida even more is the reason behind the story that makes it more plausible to Mama and Papa. Clara tells them that â€Å"No one would be surprised. Everyone’s aware sheâ €™s after Willard Pretty Dog† (309). Ida is shocked at Clara’s betrayal of revealing her hopes. Clara’s remark does not only break Ida’s certitude in her, but also shows the low inclination Clara has on Ida.

Competition Bikes, Inc. Costing Method and CVP Report Essay

A1. Costing Method Recommendation This report has been prepared to analyze the current costing method at Competition Bikes, Inc. (CBI) and provide a recommendation for improvement. To support this analysis, the differences between traditional based costing and activity based costing will be examined, along with the benefits and drawbacks for each method. A cost-volume-profit evaluation with break-even analysis for both sales units and sales dollars for the CarbonLite and Titanium bike lines will also be provided. The main differences between activity-based costing and the traditional costing: Traditional costing includes both direct and indirect components. Indirect costs (overhead) are grouped together. There’s only one cost driver (such as direct labor hours) used to calculate costs regardless of what they are. Activity-based costing breaks down the overhead costs into activity cost pools. All overhead costs are then allocated into these activity cost pools. This method of costing does require more time to c ompute the cost to the activity yet it earns that money back plus dividends by having a more accurate forecast of the true costs that are associated with each activity. In addition to a better understanding of costs, implementation of activity-based costing can drive improved financial results in the long run. By looking at each product and what drives its specific costs, management can have a much more detailed sense of the true costs involved in producing each product. They can then compare the activity-based costs with the costing system they have been using to discover what products they may be overpricing, or underpricing for sale in the market. They can also spot potential money wasting activities in their manufacturing process, and work to make those activities more efficient. If management has a better understanding of costs, they can present a stronger business case to get future capital projects funded. The downside to activity-based costing is that it requires a substantial commitment of personnel and financial resources up front. Management must be willing to examine their operations rigorously and the data that is gathered may be difficult to accept, particularly by those who are believe the current costing system is just fine and are resistant to change. Traditional costing, on the other hand, is much easier to calculate than activity-based costing, and this makes manager’s jobs easier. However, traditional costing is so generally calculated that it may be hiding inefficiencies in the supply chain. Products may be overpriced or underpriced, and this can negatively impact the company’s bottom line in the long run. By moving to the activity-based cost system, CBI could pinpoint if they have been overpricing items, losing market share to competitors. On the flip side, if they underprice an item, they are likely losing money as the price may be lower than what it costs to produce the bike. They would lose potential revenue to further fund research and development to improve the product for the future. If prices are significantly lower than those of the competition, customers may even hesitate to purchase the product, as they could wonder why the bike is priced so much lower than all the others in the market and have a perception that sub-par materials or manufacturing processes have been used. Since these bikes are a specialty product built to order, customers are generally not as price sensitive as shoppers looking for ready-made bikes. By switching to the activity based costing (ABC) method, CBI is also taking advantage of the in-depth knowledge of costs that will result in savings for the company. In the overhead analysis, six manufacturing overhead items and their cost drivers are identified, with a comparison provided between ABC costing, and Traditional costing assuming 900 units produced for the Titanium line, and 500 units produced for the Carbonlite line. The cost driver for manufacturing overhead using the traditional method is not identified, but the totals are given in the Competition Bikes spreadsheet and are reflected below. Traditional costing method -Titanium line manufacturing overhead cost: $239,020 -Carbonlite line manufacturing overhead cost: $232,380 Total traditional manufacturing overhead cost: $471,400 ABC costing method -Titanium line manufacturing overhead cost: $188,415 -Carbonlite line manufacturing overhead cost: $282,985 Total traditional manufacturing overhead cost: $471,400 It’s important to note that the manufacturing overhead totals are identical when calculated using both traditional and ABC methods. This is because it’s not a difference in overhead, but instead a change in where the overhead is allocated. In the case of CBI, the allocation is quite different between methods. For the Titanium line, the total manufacturing overhead cost with ABC costing is $50,605 lower than with traditional costing – a difference of 21%. In other words, CBI has overestimated manufacturing overhead for the Titanium line by 21% using traditional costing. Looking at unit costs, the traditional method per unit cost is $713, while the ABC unit cost is $656. The higher unit cost in the traditional costing method makes sense given that the allocation for manufacturing overhead was higher. CBI may be overpricing this bike, which could result in a negative effect on sales. If they could lower the price to a number closer to the true unit cost, they will likely see sales rise. For the Carbonlite line, the total manufacturing overhead cost with ABC costing is $50,605 higher than with traditional costing. CBI had underestimated manufacturing overhead for the Carbonlite line by 18% using traditional costing. Looking at unit costs, the traditional method per unit cost is $1,359, while the ABC unit cost is $1,460. The unit cost calculated using ABC costing was higher than CBI had realized; they are likely underpricing this bike, losing out on potential revenues. A review of competitors’ prices may be in order, to evaluate what the market will bear, as well as an analysis of the impact of raising prices and how that affects sales. Once they have this data, CBI management can make an informed decision whether or not to adjust the Carbonlite sales price, and by how much. A2a. Cost-volume-profit and break-even point evaluation: Current scenario CVP Analysis: Cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis is a tool that managers and businesses often use to estimate future levels of operational activity needed to avoid financial losses, to break even, and to generate a profit. This analysis also helps to target future revenues. CVP analysis can also be used to estimate production levels needed to generate revenues sufficient to recoup capital expenditures such as operational expansion. CVP analysis examines changes in profits in response to changes in sales volumes, costs and prices. The basic CVP equation is sales minus variable costs = contribution margin. Sales revenues per unit for the Titanium product are set at $900. The variable cost per unit (costs that vary directly with volume) for the Titanium product is $679. Based on these numbers, the resulting contribution margin (sales revenue minus variable cost) per unit is $900 – $679 = $221. Contribution margin is the amount of profit left after variable costs are subtracted; therefore they c an be considered the ‘contribution’ to profit for each unit sold. For the Carbonlite product, the sales revenue per unit is higher at $1,495 due to the specialized materials and increased amount of labor required to manufacture the product. Variable cost is $1,384. The resulting contribution margin per unit is $1,495 – $1,384 = $111. It’s worth noting that the contribution margin for this product is much smaller than that for the Titanium line. A smaller contribution margin generally means the product is not as profitable. When multiple product lines are included in the analysis, to calculate total break-even sales units, a weighted average contribution margin (WACM) must be calculated. This is important because various products in the sales mix contribute different amounts of profit. The WACM is calculated by multiplying the unit contribution margin by the percentage of the total sales mix for each product. Expressed as a formula: WACM = Product one unit contribution margin (product one sales mix percentage) + product two unit contri bution margin (unit two contribution margin percentage) Incorporating the CBI data, with the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produced of Carbonlite, the WACM is calculated as 221 (.643) + 111 (.357) = $181.71. This number is what the average unit  contributes to CBI’s profit on a per unit basis. When the WACM is known, the Total Contribution Margin Dollars can be calculated. This is the amount of money that the company has to pay fixed costs. Any money left over after fixed costs are paid is profit. If total contribution margin dollars equal fixed costs, the company is at break-even. If total contribution margin dollars are less than fixed costs, that represents a loss for the company. The equation for this figure is: Total Contribution Margin Dollars: Units sold multiplied by the WACM Break-even analysis Break-even sales units can be calculated if the WACM and Total Contribution Margin Dollars needed to break-even are known, as follows: Total Contribution Margin Dollars/WACM. To calculate sales units and sales dollars required for break-even, a few steps are required. The first step is to calculate the break-even point in units of sales mix. Break-even point in units of sales mix = Total fixed cost/WACM per unit For CBI, break-even point in units of sales mix is $400,000/$181.71 = 2201 The next step is to calculate the number of units of Titanium and Carbonlite units at the break-even point. The equation is as follows: Number of units at break-even point = Sales mix ratio (total break even units) Break-even point in units for Titanium: 0.643 (2201) = 1415 Break-even point in units for Carbonlite: 0.357 (2201) = 786 The last step is to calculate the break-even point in dollars. The equation is as follows: Break-even point in dollars = Product units at break-even point (sales price per unit) Break-even point in dollars for Titanium: 1415 (900) = $1,273,500 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite: 786 (1495) = $1,175,070 Total sales needed to break-even: $1,273,500 + $1,175,070 = $2,448,570. To summarize, CBI would need to sell 1415 units of Titanium and 786 units of Carbonlite, generating sales revenues of $2,448,570 to break-even (revenues and costs are equal). A2b. Cost-volume-profit and break-even point evaluation: Variable and fixed cost increase scenarios Suppose management needed to increase the cost of direct materials by 10% as well as add  $50,000 in fixed costs to the production facility. What effect would this have on the break-even point? Because the equations are based on the contribution margin as well as the WACM, an increase in the cost of direct materials (variable costs) by 10% will have a significant impact. Let’s first examine how cost-volume-profit and break-even point would be impacted if management needed to increase direct materials cost by 10%. I will analyze the $50,000 fixed cost increase separately. Variable cost increase (10% direct materials increase) scenario CVP Analysis: Contribution Margin per unit for Titanium: $900 – $709 = $191 Contribution Margin per unit for CarbonLite: $1495 – $1451 = $44 The contribution margins for both product lines decreased. Titanium decreased by 13%, and of particular note is the whopping 60% reduction in contribution margin for Carbonlite. This makes sense given that Carbonline has a higher variable cost and lower volume, so a percentage increase in variable cost has a greater impact. This product is even more expensive to produce in this scenario, and generating very low profits for the company at this point. With the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produced of Carbonlite, the WACM per unit is calculated as 191 (.643) + 44 (.357) = $138.50. CVP Summary: the 10% increase in direct materials resulted in a 24% decrease in WACM per unit. The bikes are contributing 24% less profit towards profits. Break-even Analysis: Break-even point in units of sales mix is $400,000/$138.50 = 2888 Break-even point in units for Titanium: 0.643 (2888) = 1857 Break-even point in units for Carbonlite: 0.357 (2888) = 1031 Break-even point in dollars for Titanium: 1857 (900) = $1,671,300 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite: 1031 (1495) = $1,541,345 Total sales needed to break-even: $1,671,300 + $1,541,345 = $3,212,645 Break-even summary: the 10% increase in direct materials cost resulted in a reduced contribution margin per unit for both products. Given that fixed costs in this example were unchanged at $400,000, it makes sense that an increase in variable costs would require an increase in the break-even point to cover the additional expense. In this scenario, the break-even point in units and total sales need to break-even increased by 24% from the current scenario. It’s clear that an increase in variable costs can have a disproportionate impact on profits and the break-even point. Fixed cost increase ($50,000) scenario For this scenario, I assumed that variable costs remained unchanged from the current scenario (no 10% increase in variable costs) and that fixed cost for the production facility increased from $400,000 to $450,000. CVS Analysis: Contribution margin per unit for Titanium: $900 – $679 = $221 Contribution margin for per unit for Carbonlite: $1,495 – $1,384 = $111 With the sales mix proportion of 9 units of Titanium for every 5 units produced of Carbonlite, the WACM per unit is calculated as 221 (.643) + 111 (.357) = $181.71. CVS Summary: Since variable costs did not change in this scenario, the contribution margin per unit and weighted average contribution margin/unit are at the same level as the original example. Break-even Analysis: Break-even point in units of sales mix is $450,000/$181.71 = 2476 Break-even point in units for Titanium: 0.643 (2476) = 1592 Break-even point in units for Carbonlite: 0.357 (2476) = 884 Break-even point in dollars for Titanium: 1592 (900) = $1,432,800 Break-even point in dollars for Carbonlite: 884 (1495) = $1,321,580 Total sales needed to break-even: $1,432,800 + $1,321,580 = $2,754,380 Break-even summary: Compared to the current scenario, the $50,000 increase in fixed costs (11% over the $400,000 example in the current scenario) had an impact of increasing the break-even point in units of sales mix by 275  units, or 11%. Since the contribution margin was unchanged in this example, the increase is less than in the scenario with 10% increase in direct materials. The break-even point in dollars also increased by 11%. The fact that the increase in the break-even point exactly matches the increase in fixed costs illustrates that as fixed costs rise, the break-even point will rise in proportion assuming the sales mix remains unchanged. Comparing all three scenarios, the CVP and break-even analysis provides insight on how increases in variable and fixed costs affect contribution margins and break-even numbers. Variable cost increases have a disproportionate impact on increasing margins and break-even numbers, while the fixed cost increases result in a proportionate impact on increasing these measures. CBI’s management should consider these impacts when considering cost increases for their product lines.

‘Manhunt’ in comparison to ‘In Paris with you’

Both poems focus on the difficulties of being close to another person after past experiences. The male speaker in the poem ‘In Paris with You’ is unwilling to discuss his experiences of the past because he was â€Å"bamboozled† and is now focusing on the present, â€Å"I’m on the rebound†. The husband in ‘The Manhunt’ is similarly closed on the subject of the past because of his experience of war, â€Å"The blown hinge of his lower jaw† shows that he is unable to talk of his experience and it is like a door which is no longer open to his wife.The narrator of ‘In Paris with You’ does not want to spend time visiting famous parisian landmarks like â€Å"Notre Dame†, instead he wants to stay in an â€Å"Old hotel room† having sex with the woman. This shows that the man does not want to spend time getting to know her but instead he uses her. The poet uses colloquial language – â€Å"downed a drink or two† – to reflect the lack of care for the woman. In ‘The Manhunt’ the wife is searching for her husband who seems lost to her, metaphorically, after war.She is â€Å"climbing the rungs of his broken ribs† which shows she is trying to reach his heart to let him know she’s there, she is â€Å"climbing† which takes a lot of effort in a gradual search for her husband. In ‘The Manhunt’ the poet shows effort to connect with another person. On the other hand in ‘In Paris with You’ the man shows no effort in getting close to the woman, which is reflected by the colloquial language.

Fatigue and Performance in Aviation Research Paper

Fatigue and Performance in Aviation - Research Paper Example The dizziness may make the pilots unresponsive for some time. If the pilots succumb to their fatigue, they end up sleeping; thus, causing accidents or going beyond their destinations. FAA has failed to enact proper regulations that would ensure that pilots get enough sleep in between their flights, especially for short flights. Most airlines give their pilots only 7 hours of which some are spent checking out and transit to hotels. This is not enough as it mostly leads to fatigue, and thus, lowers the performance of the aviation crew. Therefore, FAA should note that sleep is triggered by fatigue and to solve sleep among the pilots, FAA should review their rules to allow time for sleep and rest to their pilots. Increasing frequencies in aviation accidents have called for attention on the causes of these accidents. Several factors cause aircraft accidents. However, researchers have attributed aircraft accidents to pilot and crew failures of psychological or physiological nature. Psychologists argue on the result of biological and psychological factors on the crews and pilots management of the plane. Psychologists have considered fatigue and lack of sleep as the main factors responsible for aviation accidents. Because of the nature of flight schedules, crew finds little time to sleep or even have some sleep. Absence of sleep and rest influences the alertness and performance (Wiener 650). Pilot fatigue has had the upper hand on the aircraft accidents. Fatigue refers to a mental state characterized by reduced mental and physical performance resulting from workload or loss of sleep. Fatigue impairs human performance, and thus, has negative impacts on work among other day-to-day activities. Many aviation accidents have occurred because of the crews’ tiredness or sleep, which reduce their level of alertness; hence, inability to follow procedures and operations. Initially, pilots’ flight time for non-stop travels were

Drinking age in Canada Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drinking age in Canada - Essay Example Apart from binge drinking which is a favorite pastime of a large number of irresponsible teenagers, it is also not a hard task to observe many semi-unconscious teenage girls outside bars and pubs in Canada. This is a great responsibility of the government to raise the drinking age to at least 21 because teenage girls found in that state happen to be a favorite target of dangerous criminals. While uncontrolled alcohol consumption turns some people into vulnerable targets, it can also compel many to act very aggressively and generate violence in the society. This is because alcohol consumers particularly those who are under 21 lose their ability to think rationally sooner than usual. So, it does not take long for small arguments to transform into angry brawls under the influence of alcohol. DUI accidents are another potential reason why the legal drinking age of 19 in Canada should not be considered reliable and valid. Many drunk drivers ruin all their future prospects as a consequence of serious road traffic accidents in which they not only hurt themselves but also others. Research suggests that a higher drinking age can be very effective in â€Å"preventing alcohol-related deaths and injuries among youth† (Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein 214). In the US where the legal drinking age is set at 21, alcohol abuse is still seen as a factor that causes a significant percentage of violent crimes every year. If this is the state in the US where the drinking age is 21, then things can be understandably expected to get worse in Canada where drinking age is even lower. Despite scientific realities and blazing newspaper headlines suggesting against the validity of the drinking age of 19, the opponents of...While uncontrolled alcohol consumption turns some people into vulnerable targets, it can also compel many to act very aggressively and generate violence in the society. This is because alcohol consumers particularly those who are under 21 lose their ability t o think rationally sooner than usual. So, it does not take long for small arguments to transform into angry brawls under the influence of alcohol. DUI accidents are another potential reason why the legal drinking age of 19 in Canada should not be considered reliable and valid. Many drunk drivers ruin all their future prospects as a consequence of serious road traffic accidents in which they not only hurt themselves but also others. Research suggests that a higher drinking age can be very effective in â€Å"preventing alcohol-related deaths and injuries among youth† (Hanson, Venturelli, and Fleckenstein 214). In the US where the legal drinking age is set at 21, alcohol abuse is still seen as a factor that causes a significant percentage of violent crimes every year. If this is the state in the US where the drinking age is 21, then things can be understandably expected to get worse in Canada where drinking age is even lower. Despite scientific realities and blazing newspaper headlines suggesting against the validity of the drinking age of 19, the opponents of the age 21 law instead argue that the US should follow the Canadian legal drinking age concept. The Canadian MLDA ensuresmany benefits.

The cost of the modern Olympics far outweighs the benefits. Argue your Essay

The cost of the modern Olympics far outweighs the benefits. Argue your position - Essay Example Indeed, one may definitely identify some economic benefits that are a result of the Games. These include employment of workers who will work at construction sites; the Olympics attract numerous people from across the globe that will predictably buy lots of thing, etc. At the same time, there are others that criticise the Olympics because of large amounts of public money spent by local governments to host them. While the latter may sound a bit pragmatic, yet theirs is the point. THESIS STATEMENT: The benefits of the Olympic Games do not outweigh their cost since the expenditures on construction are not remunerative, substitution spending takes place, misplacement is often the case, employment opportunities are temporary, and hopes for visitors’ excessive spending and attendance do not realize. To support this statement, this paper refers to the latest data on the Olympics and their benefit analysis done by scholars who research the issue. BODY PARAGRAPH 1: First, the cost of th e Olympic Games considerably outweighs its benefits because expenditures on construction of new world-class facilities require excessive funding which will not be remunerative in the long run. Charles Santo in his article â€Å"Economic Impact of Sport Stadiums, Teams, and Events†, observes that Olympic spending is higher than any other spending on sporting events. He cites the following data: the 2004 Summer Olympics which were held in Athens incurred $12.8 billion; the Chinese government invested up to $43 billion to host the Beijing Olympic Games back in 2008. However, the sporting facilities do not yield sufficient returns on the public money invested in their construction and maintenance. The long-term fate of Olympic facilities in Beijing built before 2008 Olympic Games well illustrates this statement. As Demick (2009) observes, the National Stadium in Beijing, also called the Bird’s Nest, was supposed to host only one event in 2009. That was an opera performance of Turandot scheduled to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the ceremony of opening of the Olympics. Ironically, the leading soccer club in China had withdrawn from the deal to play at the stadium, since it found it embarrassing to utilize a 91,000-seat facility for soccer games that typically attracted not more than 10,000 visitors. BODY PARAGRAPH 2 Second, it is possible to say that the cost of the Olympic Games considerably outweighs their benefits because of the phenomenon known as substitution spending. Substitution spending with regard to the Olympics takes place when an anticipated tourism boom proves not profitable enough in real life: in fact, a tourism boom for one city means a slum for others. For example, hotel occupancy during the time of the 2000 Summer Olympics in Australia was related to substitution spending. The Olympics were held in Sydney between September 16 and September 30. For those two weeks, hotels in Sydney had nearly 100% occupancy, yet in other marke ts Australian hotels had considerable demand shortfalls compared to the first half of September and to the same time period a year ago. Specifically, hotel occupancy dropped by 17% and 19% during the period of the Olympics in Brisbane and Melbourne (Andersen 2000, p.1). Hence, the substitution spending was fixed during the 2000 Olympics. It leads to the conclusion that the economic gains brought by the

DP CH 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DP CH 1 - Essay Example Type-2 diabetes accounts for more than 90% of diabetes cases and has been increasing primarily because of the rise in the obesity, heart complications, and kidney failure (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). At the same time; age, gender, ethnicity, and life style patterns also affect the level of diabetes in Asians, Whites, and Africans (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The numbers of diabetics in the United States have been increasing in last few years and obesity is considered as the main reason behind it. However, race and gender has also been assumed as the main factors in determining the impact and influence of diabetes in many people (Chowdhary, et al, 2003). Diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death and ninth leading cause of premature death in Los Angeles County suggesting that the impact and influence of diabetes is quite high on the lives of people living in Los Angeles County (Wulffson, 2011). It was further found that the prevalence of diabete s in quite high in Black and South Asian people suggesting that race and ethnicity play an important role in determining and ascertaining the level of diabetes. It was further found that Black and South Asians are more inclined to develop diabetes mainly because of their lifestyle and obesity issues that is more inclined to eating oily and unhealthy food. Diabetes is a life threatening health complication that can affect the well being of people in a considerable manner (Wulffson, 2011). It was found that adult diabetes rate has increased from 6.6% in 1997 to 9.1% in 2007 affecting more than 65000 adults in Los Angeles County and can be considered as an alarming situation (County of Los Angeles Public Health (2008). As per the report published by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012); it was found that out of the 25.6 million adults with diabetes in the United States, 12.6 million were women in the year 2010. This clearly shows that the number of women suffering from diabetes in the United States is quite high. It was also found that Black and South Asian women are more likely to develop diabetes compared to European and White women. The risk of heart disease in women was found to be more serious compared to men highlighting the risks women are exposed to in terms of diabetes in the United States (Das, 2002). Women with diabetes are more likely to develop heart and obesity issues that can further affect their life expectancy in a negative manner. As stated before, gender, race, and ethnicity play an important role in determining the level of diabetes and the danger of diabetes is quite high in Hispanic, Africans, Asians, and American Indians. It is often believed that family history also determines the level of diabetes and, people with poor genes and complicated medical history are supposed to develop diabetes either at an early or later age (Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012). The complication of diabetes can be in the form of he art issues, obesity, poor health, weak eye sight, and uneasiness. All these health complications can lead to long term health complications that may result in sudden death or failure of multiple body organs (Eyler, 1998). People suffering from diabetes need to be more focused on accepting a healthy lifestyle rather living an erratic lifestyle that can affect the overall well being in a negative manner. Diabetes cannot be cured permanently, it can only be managed and controlled and

The Ideas of Scott McClouds Understanding Comics Essay

The Ideas of Scott McClouds Understanding Comics - Essay Example McCloud makes the reader understand the relationship between words and images. He begins with the explanation, how the words develop from images and later become the communicating ideas. The message giving process may lay emphasis on words or picture. These are used in children’s study books and comics. The children love the play and jugglery of words and the picture-images, as they fulfill their hunger for fantasies. The relationship between words and images is quite exciting. McCloud argues, â€Å"Words — are the ultimate abstraction."(47)Carefully planned and placed headlines and similar inter-titles kindle curiosity of the reader about the contents of the article. McCloud is aware of the strength of the words and images in the print and electronic media, and how they can create ripples in the minds of the readers. Read this title on the front page of a newspaper relating to a financial scandal. â€Å"Millionaire Brown is in million dollar jam!† McCloud has r ightly pointed out that use of words and images are like dance partners who know their roles. They support and challenge each other to create the magical effect. For example, a caricature of corruption may convey more than what is stated in a full-length article on the subject. It has the capacity to strike hard at the societal ills in a satirical style. It gets to the point and gives the message, without hurting. McCloud asserts that we have only scratched the surface of the relationship between words and images. Their relationship is profound and it generates credence to the progression of action in the story. An artist sees art in most of the human activities, whether they are big or small, and extracts something special from them and provides meaningful interpretations either through words or pictures. Such interpretations are not part of his academic knowledge; they are the just spontaneous overflow of his ideas! Spectacular results are obtained and presented before the audienc e, the effect of which may last for generations, depending upon the latent potency of such combinations by the genius artist. The potential creativity of the comics beats the effectiveness of the painter and the writer; it depicts and says something without hurting which results in fountains of joy. The creator of the comics blends the aesthetic response in them and enjoys being in the role of a clown rather than a troubleshooter hero. This clown often reveals profound truths, often in a satirical form. His messages are the true reflections of the goings on in the society, and he pictures them without malice to anyone, without fear or favor. The criticism is often enjoyed by the one against whom it is directed and the societal response to his actions is light-hearted. The comic demands less space but the ‘built-up’ area within it is massive. McCloud writes, â€Å"Space does for comics what time does for a film!"(7) The word has a specific meaning, but a million viewers of the comic enjoy an equal number of interpretations.

Human resource management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Human resource management - Assignment Example The HR manager might view flexible working schedules to maximize productivity throughout an 18 hour cycle. Thus, scheduling labour to meet goals sees the exploitation of talent in the same way that tangible resources are exploited. The soft model of HRM is more people-centred and deals with creating motivational strategies, coaching, or mentoring to achieve high levels of employee commitment and trust. Soft HRM policies consider employees emotional capacity and psycho-social needs and then integrates policy formation objectives with these principles in mind. In soft thinking, the employee is a method to achieve competitive advantage through commitment-building (Armstrong 2008). IR is primarily concerned with the relationship between union bargaining and employees (Elvander 1998). Storey (1992) recognises fundamental shifts from IR to HRM based on key dimensions of practice, policy and specific business goals. Whilst HRM often includes strategies that are people-centred, IR is more tr ansactional in nature, delivering rewards that are highly contingent on performance. The HR school of thought is more unitarist in nature, whilst IR is more pluralist. Storey (1992) sees negotiation as a primary aspect of line management activity in IR with HRM more of a facilitating role. Specific norms demand compliance in IR theory whilst HRM focuses on building policies and practices around vision and mission. In personal experience, the strategic role of line management is to recognize contingencies where the organisation must have practices aligned with needs for organisational performance. Strategic HRM for line management is to identify a best practice model and continue to create strategies aligned with efficiency. Strategic HRM views all organisational divisions and practices to be an amalgamation to achieve best practice, productivity and profit. The implications to employees are diverse training to recognise inter-dependencies and higher demands for performance to achiev e long-term goals related to business strategy. Flexibility in the workplace Personal experience describes a flexible model that involves changing contracted hours and periodic placement to perform job responsibilities in order to provide childcare. Under this model, the employee required 30 weeks of employment and must have had no negative assessments associated with periodic performance reviews. This model provided opportunities to replace the traditional Monday-Friday schedule with Saturday working in exchange for a weekly day off and also implementing telecommuting resources for those in service roles. Flexible models provide opportunities for building employee satisfaction and can be implemented according to business needs, such as customer service output expectations or when the business intends to expand its service to include weekend consultation for clients. Thus, it has competitive advantage capabilities and also the ability to create a more productive workforce. Armstrong (2008) identifies that flexible working concepts provide the ability to create a better skilled employee population, such as what occurs in job sharing. When employees are able to experience other divisional roles, they become more fluent in practices and procedures that can, in the long-term give the business more competitive advantage. A disadvantage to flexible working is the ability to determine whether pay is competitive to the labour

Designing a Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Designing a Study - Assignment Example To test the hypothesis, the Wilcoxon signed rank tests would be the fitting test. This test examines whether the data available supports the assertion that a prolonged daily exercise length implies a faster rate of weight loss. The test has been used previously in similarly befitting roles. (Han et al. 2011) notes: We used two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests for differences in location for these variables as well as for age and years of education. To carry out the test, the researcher needs to calculate the differences in recorded weights before and after the study period. All weight losses will be noted with a plus sign and all gains by a minus sign. Because the positive results (those with plus signs) are the center of our study, we assign them the title k-observed, denoted as kobs. Then using the value of the smallest integer kÃŽ ± we shall calculate the rejection region for kobs. We then observe whether our kobs is contained in R, that is without the boundaries of the rejection region. If kobsЄR, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Let us put our R at 4, just for illustration. If kobs=3, then we fail to reject the H0 owing to the earlier explanation that kobsЄR. Han, X., Rozen, S., Boyle, S. H., Hellegers, C., Cheng, H., Burke, J. R†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, Kaddurah-Daouk, R. (2011). Metabolomics in Early Alzheimer’s Disease: Identification of Altered Plasma Sphingolipidome Using Shotgun Lipidomics. Lipidomics in Alzheimer’s Disease. Vol 6. Issue 7. p. 7. Nishiumi, S., Kobayashi, T., Ikenda, A., Yoshie, T., Kibi, M., Izumi, Y.,†¦..Yoshida, M. (2012). A Novel Serum Metabolomics-Based Diagnostic Approach for Colorectal Cancer. Metabolomics for Colorectal Cancer. Vol. 7, issue 7. p. 4. Plichta, S. B., Kelvin, E. Munros Statistical Methods for Health Care Research. Statistical Methods for Health

Global sourcing Essay Example for Free

Global sourcing Essay 1) What is global sourcing? Global sourcing is defined as the process of identifying, developing, and utilizing the source of supply for the enterprise through expanding purchasing activities internationally. It is a part of post reengineering activities which is an useful measure of cutting cost. Global sourcing is a typical example of foreign construction outsourcing firms which process construction by distributing each process of construction work to vendors instead of running on its own. Such construction method not only does reduce costs in terms of managing construction sites such as labor cost and equipment cost including vehicles, but also is being adopted by various companies for value-adding construction management (CM) project. For instance, global sourcing was utilized when building Daewoo Business Center at Warszawa, Poland, on March, 1997. The process of erecting the center was alloted to vendors; construction was executed by VOICE(England), design through RTKL(U.S.), facility management was duty of Dongwoo which is a department of Daewoo Group, hotel management by Hilton hotel(U.S.). 2) Global sourcing factors Global sourcing factors that must be understood and balanced can be segmented into 5 categories. First factor is material cost. The bottom line of execution of global sourcing is reduce cost by minimizing material cost. Another category is transportation cost. Various costs including inventory delivery cost can be dwindled through global sourcing. Moreover, significant amount of transportation expense can be reduced when marketing products at outsourcing regions. Cross-border taxes, tariffs, and duty costs are third factor which form global sourcing. Instead of relying on domestic production but rather outsource each process internationally, costs can be reduce by avoiding trade barriers which include cross-border tax, tariff and duty cost. Next factor is supply and operational performance. With effective resource management and cheap labor cost, supply and operational performance can be efficiently managed which enables global sourcing companies to manufacture high quality-low price merchandises. The last category of global sourcing is supply and operational risks. Cultural and geographical disparities can yield additional costs such as labor cost and transportation cost. If not managed thoroughly, they can militate as huge risks in terms of conducting sourcing. 3) Advantages of global sourcing There are three major merits of performing global sourcing; gumption to changes, reduction of cost, and trade barriers avoidance. To begin with, global sourcing allows a firm to develop capacity to cope with changes in market condition. Importing numerous raw materials and resources economically and steadily can be done through global sourcing. With such abundant resources, a firm can flexibly adopt to environmental alterations when confronting unexpected economic crisis. Secondly, average 20% of cost saving is possible. Components of products or raw materials procured from abroad is advantageous in terms of price. Furthermore, many countries such as American and Europe are sourcing materials to cut cost in terms of distribution industries. As a result, China has become the hub of production base for global sourcing. Even in case of Korea, sourcing products from China are 30%~40% cheaper than Korean domestic goods. In particular, simple functional merchandizes whose design and quality are relatively less considered are largely influenced by global sourcing. Consequently, over 70% of commodities and clothes are imported from China. Last merit of global sourcing is evasion of trade barriers. In case of global sourced goods, the price is lower, leading to economical purchase, by avoiding trade barriers such tariffs and cross-border taxes. On top of that, firms are able to acquire restricted raw materials and resource. Thus, unique and competitive products can be created. 2. Case-Study (LiFung) 1) Introduction LiFung is a professional trading company which specializes in global sourcing and was founded in 1906. It functioned as a broker between Asian manufacturers and foreign traders and expanded as a trading company later on. Today, LiFung acts as a professional sourcing and distribution firm focusing on toys and textile. Becoming an intermediary, it reconstructed the business by forming it as a connection and manager of diverse supply chains. LiFung is the representative of smokeless factory without owning any equipment and factories regarding production process from raw material to final goods and distribution of final products. 2) Business area / Present condition LiFung won the rewards in Fabulous 50 selectied by Forbes Asia, 50 for 2012 from Morgan Stanley, and The most influential companies 25 from Business week. The sales of LiFung in 2007 was 92.4 billion in Hong Kong dollars, approximately 36% increase in sales compared to that of 2006. Net income reached 30 billion dollars(2007) and LiFung Co. Ltd. succeed in gaining 19.8% increase in sales (110.7 billion Hongkong dollars)than that of previous year. After 1998, foreign companies such as The Limited, Gymboree, American Eagle, Warner Brothers, Abercrombie Fitch, Bed, Bath Beyond, Tesco, Avon Products, Levi-Strauss, Reebok have become major customers of LiFung, and Royal Ahold, Guess Jeans, Bebe also joined as major customers of LiFung in 2000. As a result, LiFung currently has 68 offices in the 38 countries, and shareholders numbers 17,900. In addition, it consists of 107,000 employees engaged in the business associated with LiFung, especially 40,000 related businesses only in the United States. Thus, it can be said that LiFung has entered plateau stage as a company settling new form of SCM rather than just being a simple trading firm. 3) Platform / Operation System LiFung is one of the enterprises which effectively employ platform strategy. In terms of strategy, LiFung adequately balances SRM and CRM strategy to manage producers and customers. LiFung distributes textile component orders to vendors as soon as receiving orders from textile industries. It makes most of 15,000 subcontractors which are located around the globe. When producing a jacket, for example, LiFung procures materials from diverse vendors; outshell is from Korea, Zipper from Japan, lining is done from Thailand, and trademarks and thread from Hongkong. Fabric is dyed in Southern Asia, China sews, and finally quality inspection and packaging are done in Hongkong. Then, headquarter in Hongkong generally manages cash flow and value-added process. 4) Success Factors Success factors of LiFung can be categorized into three elements. The first factor is IT evolution. Through IT development, product lead time dwindled through forming network among producers and customers, and even efficiently manage vendors. Another facet is SRM and CRM, especially have strength on SRM. LiFung analyze customer’s needs and scrutinize supply chain to meet the desires. Since firms tend to focus on maximizing their capability instead of in accordance with needs, LiFung can otherwise strive to fortify supply chain or value chain for customers. In other words, the key role of LiFung is to direct manufacturers of supply chain to the intended direction. For that specific purpose, it establishes education to producers on scattered network management rather than having strict control system for managing vendors, and emphasizes on trust and active empowerment. Lastly, LiFung follows 30/70 rule, which is to set a standard(from 30% to 70% of total production) on production quota to LiFung. This enables LiFung to have loose liaison among subcontractors. Minimum 30% of total production allows LiFung to possess minimum supply from each subcontractors and prevention vendors from being subordinates can be done by setting maximum 70%. The core objective of this principle is to assure vendors of gaining huge profit from being a member of the network and on the other hand guaranteeing flexibility of business and availability of a room for growth. Other vendors also benefit from the principle by being expose to opportunities to work with others, which help them to learn and come up with innovative ideas. Such principle demonstrates value of LiFung on making supply chain more dynamic and lively. Thus, change in partners frequently happens in supply chain of LiFung. In conclusion, LiFung shows contradictory management of pursuing stable and long-term partnership whereas also demanding loose network instead to forming strict organization. 3. Problem Solution 1) Wage stagnation / Pricing pressure The first problem of LiFung is wage stagnation of China. China accounts for 60% of total global sourcing of LiFung, which means that shift in China impact LiFung heavily. After the economic liberalization of China, China has been able to attract world companies as the most suitable production base due to cheap and abundant labor. As a consequence of substantial growth, China’s wage has been increasing 16% annually. As labor cost takes up the largest portion of garment industry’s costs, Li Fung’s first half of 2011 net income dwindled 18%. Therefore, there is high necessity for finding a new production base(a new partners) and gain price competitiveness through such measure. Second problem is overseas buyers’ desire to lower supply pricing due to high uncertainty from global recession. As shown in the ‘average import price of textile in the U.S.’ graph on the right, the average import price has been continually decreasing, from $3.18 in 2006 t o $3 in 2009. Heavy pressure on supply pricing is having negative impact on net income of LiFung. 2) China U.S Trade conflict Third adversity is potential trade disputes between the United States and China. This trade conflict, which is referred to as protectionism, is noteworthy of a notice as 69% of total production of LiFung is sold to the United States. The United States has criticized China on the currency exchange rate manipulation, along with accusation of exchange dumping. In addition, Section 421 is an article which can be executed in a situation where increased import of Chinese products acts as a severe damage to American domestic industries. Accordingly, it is inevitable to exclude potential trade conflict between two countries on account of high possibility of implementing additional countervailing duty by executing section 421. 3) Expanding partners in Southern Asia In preparation for deterioration of China’s production environment and falling competitiveness of China as a sourcing region, Southern Asia is evaluated as the most practical alternative for strategic sourcing of LiFung. In terms of percentage change in world textile industry sourcing, diminution of China is noticeable, as –7%, whereas Vietnam and Bangladesh show growth, respectively displaying 1% and 20% of sourcing uprising rate. To demonstrate suitability of sourcing to Banladesh, environment of Bangladesh such as social infrastructure and facilities, and educational level should be thoroughly examined. Nevertheless, wage of Bangladesh is much cheaper than that of China, Bangladesh being one third that of China, in terms of only considering unit labor cost. Furthermore, Bangladesh is likely to be significantly equipped with garment-industry infrastructure judging from the large number of textile industries sourcing to Bangladesh. Therefore, it is no hasty conclusion that Bangladesh is the most appropriate region for new production base of LiFung. 4) Quality management system Controlling over 15,000 vendors is demanding and the possible drawback is failure of consistency in quality. Since quality is prerequisite these days, stricter vendor’s quality management system should be made. One of the tools that LiFung can utilize and apply stricter is ‘Vendor compliance index’. There are six indexes LiFung should keep attention to; efficient operation, productivity, process innovation, ensuring the quality, purchase the appropriate law material, and good working condition of labor. By balancing and fulfilling following vendor compliance indexes, LiFung will be able to afford products to customer with coherent quality. 4. Conclusion The concept having used by LiFung is highly familiar to us as global sourcing is also deployed by domestic companies such as Samsung and LG. Global sourcing can be divided into two factors; risk element and opportunity element. These two elements are in trade-off relation which means that change in one element accompanies the other, while endeavoring to maximize opportunity element. Thus, taking advantage of opportunity and risk element in a timely manner is the premise for successful global sourcing and in-depth analysis on local region and strategy should be followed when implementing global sourcing.

Learning Acitivity Essay Example for Free

Learning Acitivity Essay 2.Identify and describe three leadership styles. Provide examples of these styles in society? Authoritarian Leadership is one that takes personal charge of decision-making, and demands that group members obey orders (Macionis, 2013. P110). Bill Gates is a great example of authoritarian leadership. Bill had a vision after he took lead of the company and he used all possible resources within his reach and made a dream reality. Bill Gates did not consult others on which way his company should take. Democratic Leadership is making a point and including everyone in the decision-making process (Macionis, 2013. P110). Dwight Eisenhower is one of the best people for this. While serving as a General in the Army he had a task to get the alliance all on the same page this he took great pride and hard work doing so. Laissez-faire Leadership allows group to function more or less on its own (laissez-faire in French means â€Å"leave it alone†). (Macionis, 2013. P110). The Danish government adopted this style of leadership and allowed cannabis to be smoked and allowed open prostitution. 3.What does the research by Solomon Asch and Stanley Milgram show us about the ability of social groups to affect the opinions and behavior of group members? The research showed that people when under pressure by peers or an authoritative figure conform. Solomon Asch (1952) recruited students for what he told them was a study of visual perception (Macionis, 2013, p. 110). But what he did was make the students form a small group and put pressure on one of the students. Asch showed them card 1 with a normal line then asked them to match it to card 2 that had three lines on the card. One third of the students chose to answer the question incorrect just like the other students. Stanley Milgram, a former student of Solomon Asch’s conducted conformity experiments study of his own (Macionis, 2013, pg.111). Milgram had a more controversial experiment he took male subjects and put them in electric type of chair to show how punishment affects learning. The teacher to start with 15v and each time that one of the subjects got it wrong the voltage would increase and even though the levels of voltage reached 450 volts Milgram was astonished how eagerly people obeyed authority. .

Cytoplasmic Streaming in Cells | Experiment

Cytoplasmic Streaming in Cells | Experiment Cytoplasmic streaming is the cells transport system which moves a cells content around as required . This occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell, the fluid which fills the space between organelles and contains cell solutes. Movement in the cytoplasm is thought to be facilitated by actin-myosin motors (Britannica, 2012). These are molecules made up of the two proteins actin and myosin which interact to move solutes and even organelles around the cell. Long actin filaments line the cell and myosin molecules run along these filaments via active transport and attach to organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes) and mitochondria, transporting them around the cell along with the surrounding solutes in the cytoplasm (Kachar and Reece, 1988). The actin filaments run parallel to the direction of streaming in the cell. Nitella is a genus consisting of various species of freshwater pond alga. These algae are weed like in appearance and have large rectangular cells observable by the naked eye. Each cell begins and ends at a node. Nitella species are thought to rely heavily on the actin-myosin protein motors to facilitate cytoplasmic streaming (Palevitz et al, 1974). Cytochalasin are class of drugs derived from fungi (Turner, 1971). These drugs interfere with the interaction between actin and myosin by binding to the actin filaments that line the cell and reducing the capacity for the myosin molecules to bind (BIOL1004 Lab Manual, 2012). This then is thought to affect the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in the cell. This report will analyse the affect of two different types of Cytochalasin drugs (C and D) which are similar in structure but differ in the strength of the bonds they form with the actin filaments. Aim To observe cytoplasmic streaming in cells under the microscope and compare the effects of cytochalasin C and D on the speed of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells via statistical analysis. Methods and Materials The method and materials used in this experiment is outlined in the: BIOL1004: Molecular and Cell Biology à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ Practical Manual (2012) on pp. 54-55 written by the Research School of Biology for the Australian National University. The following deviations from the aforementioned method are noted: The width of each cell was measured for comparison rather than the length as the cells were far too long to fit within the microscope field of view. Results and Statistical Analysis 500 The average width of the cells was calculated at 183.9um. The table above summaries the important statistics calculated from the experimental data. Each data set appears to be comparative to each other, however it is noted that cells 1.2, 3.2 and 4.2 have higher than average variances which indicates a possible deviation from normal distribution. Figure 1 presents graphically the speed of streaming against the width of the cell. The linear trend line indicates a slight negative relationship between cell size and streaming speed. Table 2 summarises the important statistics of each of the test groups. High variance values for the test groups other than the control group indicate a deviation from normal distribution, however the numbers are similar and thus the data sets are comparable. The results indicate that upon addition of both cytochalasin drugs the rate of cytoplasmic streaming fell from that observed in the control test. The recovery test taken after flushing the Cytochalasin from the slide with pond water indicates the rate is increasing, but has not quite reached the rate as observed in the control test. Table 3 summarises the values calculated for a number of t tests performed to assist in analysis of the data. From this it can be concluded that we can have no less than 98% confidence that the rate of steaming with the addition of both cytochalasin drugs is significantly different from the normal or control streaming rate. These t tests also give an indication that the size of the cell influences the rate of streaming as the difference in speed between cells 3.2 and 4.2 which have the same recorded width has been determined not to be significant, while the difference in speed between the biggest and smallest cells is significant. However, these results are not consistent when comparing different data sets both of similar widths and of different widths. Discussion As summarised in the results the change in the rate or speed of cytoplasmic streaming in the Nitella cells upon the addition of the drugs Cytochalasin C and D was significantly different to that of the control rate, with 98% and 99.9% confidence respectively. This is as expected. However as noted in Table 2 this change in speed was observed as a deceleration on the addition of both drugs. A deceleration of cytoplasmic streaming is expected with the addition of cytochalasin D, which is a well documented actin inhibitor. The drug binds to the actin filaments and changing the secondary structure and inhibiting the actin-myosin interactions (Binder and Tamm, 2003). However, even though cytochalasin C has a similar shape, it does not bind to actin as tightly as cytochalasin D (BIOL1004: Lab Manual, 2012) and does not have the same affect on actin-myosin communication. A study in the Plant Cell Physiology journal documented that cytochalasin C had no real affect on the rate of cytoplasmic streaming even at very high concentrations (Foissner and Wasteneys, 2007). Thus the deceleration with the addition of cytochalasin C, as change that has been confirmed as significant via statistical analysis is not the expected result. It is possible that the deceleration of cytoplasmic streaming in this case could be due to the differing salt concentrations between the pond water and the cytochalasin C in solution. As Nitella is normally found in freshwater that is hypotonic, the replacement of the normal pond water on the slide with the drug in a hypertonic solution (with respect to the pond water) may have inadvertently caused the cells to change their osmolarity to compensate (Ladgies et al, 2010). A study has shown that transcellular osmosis in Nitella species can cause inhibition of cytoplasmic streaming (Tazawa et al, 1993). Further support for this explanation comes from the increase in streaming rate on recovery from treatment with the drug, where the hypertonic solution wa s flushed away and replaced with isotonic pond water (with respect to the cells). It should be noted that the statistics show there is 90% confidence that the difference between the rate of streaming with the addition of each drug respectively was significant, thus it follows that the cytochalasin D was a much stronger inhibitor to the rate of streaming than that which caused the deceleration in the cytochalasin C test. The relationship between width of the cell and rate of streaming is not quite clear. Figure 1 appears to indicate that there is a negative relationship between the two, thus as cell width increases the rate of streaming would decrease. However, the statistics provided by the t tests were inconclusive as to whether the differences between streaming rate for various sized cells were significant or not. If it were true that large size indicated a slower rate of streaming, then it should follow that all t tests between data sets of cells with similar widths would indicate a non-significant difference, however only one of the three tests yields this result. Similarly, the t tests between the data sets of different sized cells should indicate a significant difference; yet again only one out of the three tests yields this result. Further analysis with a larger data set could be required to confirm the trend observed in figure 1. Therefore this experiment has demonstrated the decelerating effect of cytochalasin D on the rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells due to its inhibition of the actin-myosin motor and has indicated a possible link between changing osmolarity and relative rate of cytoplasmic streaming in Nitella cells.

Corporate Culture Essay -- Business Company Goals Essays

Corporate Culture Utilising the video case study of ‘Egg Finance’ (Slave Nation, Channel 4), critically examine the extent to which corporate culture is used as an effective tool for the achievement of organizational goals. Corporate Culture is widely used in many organisations and has a variety of definitions. It has been defined by Koozes, Caldwell & Posner cited by Moorhead/Griffin, (1989:494) as: â€Å"a set of shared, enduring beliefs communicated through a variety of symbolic media, creating meaning in people’s work lives.† The argument to be taken in this essay will identify the usefulness and necessity for corporate culture to gain organizational success. In order to do this the argument will be utilized by supporting the theories of Emile Durkheim, Carol Axtell Ray, Terrance Deal and Allen Kennedy. Qubein (1999:2), cited by Sadri and Lees, states that,† corporate culture encompasses several key elements.† He adds, â€Å"It is fostered not merely by a mission statement, but by a clear corporate vision which is a mental picture of the company’s desired future.† It is not only the managers who should have this clear vision, the employees ought to perceive this as well. They should feel the need that they want to help to achieve the organizations goals. When organisations follow corporate culture, they try to make their employees feel that they belong and are accepted for who they are, thus making them want to work for the company. Attempt is made to make the employees feel that their organisation is their religion. This has been clearly demonstrated in Egg Finance. Corporate culture has been extensively used in Egg Finance, and in doing so have captured the hearts and minds of their employees. Each employee working for Egg Finance feels that â€Å"Egg† is their life. They feel safe and secure and feel that they are affiliated to the company. Carol Ray (1994) agrees with this as being part of corporate culture as she states that:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"a corporation’s culture has an important purpose to promote a sense of belongingness to the employees.† This has definitely worked for the employees at Egg. They even go to the extent of calling themselves an â€Å"egg person.† This ties in with the corporate cultural belief of Emile Durkheim and his approach. Egg Finance have tried to create an â€Å"Egg World† for their employees. They have many out-of-work... ...cess of the company. As Edgar Schein portrays it, â€Å"The right kind of culture will influence how effective organisations are.† (Edgar H. Schein, 1992, Organisational Culture and leadership) Works Cited †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thompson, P., & Mchugh, P. 2002, Work Organisations. 3rd ed, Palgrave, New York. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Channel 4 Productions, 2000, Slave Nation, Egg Finance. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huczynski, A., & Buchanan, D. 2001, Organisational behaviour: An introductory text. 4th ed, Prentice Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moorhead, G., & Griffin, R. 1989, Organizational behavior. 2nd ed, Houghton Mifflin Company, U.S.A. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sadri, G., Lees, B. 2001, â€Å"Developing corporate culture as a competitive advantage.†; The Journal of Management Development, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 853-859. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ogbor, J.O., Jesse J.H.2001, â€Å"Critical theory and the hegemony of corporate culture†; The Journal of Organisational Change Management, vol 14, no. 6, pp. 590-608. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray, Carol in Clark, H et al, 1994, Organisation and Identities, Chapmen 2 Hall. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schein, E.H. 1992, Organizational culture and leadership. 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schermerhorn, J. 2002, Management. 7th ed, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird When Scout is six years old she meets Dill who is visiting his aunt there in Maycomb for the summer. Scout and her brother Jem play with Dill and try to figure out ways to catch a glimpse of their weird neighbor Boo Radley. Boo is mysterious to them because he always stays in the house and they have never seen him before. After the summer is over, school is about to start and Dill goes back home to Mississippi. This is Scouts first year of school and on her first day she gets into trouble with the teacher because she already knows how to read and write, and gets into a fight with Walter Cunningham. While walking home from school one day Scout finds a stick of gum in a hole in a tree by the Radley’s yard. Later on Scout and Jem find more gifts in the tree, but then suddenly Mr. Radley fills the hole with cement and the gifts stop. After school is over Dill comes back to Maycomb. Scout, Jem, and Dill continue to try to get Boo to come out of the house, but with no luck. Then they decide that on Dill’s last night in Maycomb they would crawl under the fence in the back yard of the Radley place and take a peek into one of the windows. This plan backfires when Mr. Radley comes out with a shot gun and fires into the air. While running away from Mr. Radley Jem gets his pants caught while trying to get back under the fence and has to slip out of them to get away. Later that night he goes back for his pants and find them folded over the fence and roughly mended. That following winter Maycomb had its first snow since 1885. At first Scout thought that the earth was ending, she had never seen snow before. Scout and Jem made a snow man that looked exactly like Mr. Avery. During that cold spell Mrs. Radley dies, and Miss Maudies house burns down. While Scout and Jem are standing in the street keeping their distance from the burning house, someone wraps a towel around Scout. She doesn’t even notice the towel until Atticus asks where she got it. They suspect the Boo Radley gave it to her. A little after that Scout and Jem find out that their father is defending Tom

Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart Essay -- comparison compare co

My interest in Joseph Conrad is centered around understanding what brought him to the Congo and how the events that transpired there influenced his attitudes in Heart of Darkness. I also wanted to gain a greater understanding of the historical events that led to the colonization of the Congo. This interest is basically grounded in the fact that prior to my exposure to Heart of Darkness and Things Fall Apart, I knew virtually nothing about what actually led to the colonization of the area. It is my hope that through researching these areas I will have a deeper understanding of the two novels that focused on the Congo. In the article, "Post-colonial Literatures and Counter-discourse," Helen Tiffin raises a number of issues in regards to the hybridization of the colonized and how European universals invariably clash with that of the native. From the very beginning of the article, Tiffin notes that there is a "call to arms" (so to speak) that encompasses the "demand for an entirely new or wholly recovered 'reality,' free from all colonial taint" (95). This hope is idealistic, especially when evaluating the role that the English language plays in the lives of those who are colonized. Tiffin realizes this fact and views most post-colonial literature as a "counter-discursive" mode of expression that is highly involved in "challenging the notion of literary universality" (96). The most interesting challenge raised by this European universality is the fact that many post-colonial authors use English as the means to express or disassemble notions of these supposed commonly held mores, thereby creating a hybridized literature. Tiffin notes that in a "canonical counter-discourse . . . [the] post-colo... ...Victory, an Island Tale, 1915. Within the Tides, 1915 (contents: "The Partner," 1911; "The Inn of the Two Witches," 1913; "Because of the Dollars," 1914; "The Planter of Malata," 1914). The Shadow-Line, a Confession, 1917. The Arrow of Gold, a Story Between two Notes, 1919. The Rescue: A Romance of the Shallows, 1920. Notes on Life and Letters, 1921. The Secret Agent, Drama in Four Acts, 1921 (adaptation of the novel). The Rover, 1923. Laughing Anne, a Play, 1923 (adaptation of "Because of the Dollars"). The Nature of a Crime, With Ford Madox Hueffer, 1924 (written in 1908). Suspense, a Napoleonic Novel, 1925 (incomplete). Tales of Hearsay, 1925 (contents: "The Black Mate," 1908; "Prince Roman," 1911; "The Tale," 1917; "The Warriors Soul," 1917). Last Essays, 1926. The Sisters, 1928 (written in 1896, incomplete).

Stockhausen’s Gesang der Junglinge

Stockhausen became increasingly fascinated during the late ’50s with the spatial projection of music in the performance space. It can be said that Stockhausen’s Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge marked the beginning of the end of classic musique concrete. For Kontakte in 1958, using four-track tape, he devised a clever way make the sound of his tape music spin around the audience at various speeds. He did this in the studio using a rotating platform with a loudspeaker mounted on top. He could manually rotate the speaker up to four times a second.Stockhausen also used a specialized tape recorder called the Springer. Originally developed to lengthen or shorten radio broadcasts, it used a rotating matrix of four to six playback heads that spun in the opposite direction as the tape transport. As the tape passed the rotating playback array, one of the playback heads was in contact with it at all times. The output was equal to the sum of the rotating heads.It was characteristic of him that he could not be satisfied with Boulez's and Berio's derivation of music from verbal sounds and structure: there must be some general principle, which a single work would be enough to demonstrate completely – some system which a work could bring into being. Such a system he found in the organization of degrees of comprehensibility, across a range from the plainness of speech to the total incomprehensibility of wordless music.This would require electronic means. He needed â€Å"to arrange everything separate into as smooth a continuum as possible, and then to extricate the diversities from this continuum and compose with them†, and he found the way to do that through attending, between 1954 and 1956, classes in phonetics and information theory given at Bonn University by Werner Meyer-Eppler. Since, as he there discovered, vowel sounds are distinguished, whoever is speaking, by characteristic formants (emphasized bands of frequencies), it seemed it ought to be possib le to create synthetic vowels out of electronic sounds, so that synthesized music could begin to function as language. Working from the other end, the whole repertory of tape transformations was available to alter spoken or sung material and so move it towards pure, meaningless sound.Around the time that Stockhausen was formulating these criteria for electronic music, the nature of his work began to change dramatically. After completing the two electronic Studien, he returned to instrumental writing for about a year, completing several atonal works for piano and woodwinds, as well as the ambitious orchestral work Gruppen.Gruppen, written for three complete orchestral groups, each with its own conductor, marked Stockhausen’s first major experiment with the spatial deployment of sound. He positioned the separate orchestras at three posts around the audience so that their sounds were physically segregated in the listening space. The groups called to each other with their instrum ents, echoed back and forth, sometimes played in unity, and sometimes took turns playing alone so as to move the sound around the audience.Gruppen and his other instrumental experiments of that time were Stockhausen’s bridge to his next electronic work. By the time he embarked on the creation of Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge (Song of the Youths, 1955-56), his views on the control of dynamic elements of electronic music had broadened considerably.In this creation the synthesized electronic sounds are composed according to principles analogous to those operating in vocal sounds, and the recorded voice, that of a boy treble, is carried into the electronic stream by studio alteration and editing: superimpositions creating virtual choruses, reverberations to suggest great distance, scramblings of words and parts of words, changes of speed and direction.Nothing on either side, therefore, is quite foreign to the other, and Stockhausen invites his audience to attend to degrees of comprehen sibility by using a text with which he could expect them (the work was intended for projection in Cologne Cathedral) to be familiar: the German translation of the prayer sung in the Apocrypha by three young Jews in Nebuchadnezzar's furnace (hence the title, Song of the Youths). Stockhausen's electronic composition Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge thus attempts to integrate its biblicalGerman text with all the other materials in the composition (Morgan 442). Even so, the choice of this particular prayer cannot have been uninfluenced by what Stockhausen could have envisioned would be the imagery of the piece, with the boy's singing surrounded by flames of electronic articulation.Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge is perhaps the most significant work of electronic music of the ‘50s because it broke from the aesthetic dogma that had preoccupied the heads of the Paris and Cologne studios. It was a work of artistic dà ©tente, a conscious break from the purely electronically generated music of WDR, in which Stockhausen dared to include acoustic sounds, as had composers of musique concrà ¨te in France.Yet the piece is entirely unlike anything that preceded it. Stockhausens' Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge draws on unorthodox audio materials (Bazzana 74).   Stockhausen’s objective was to fuse the sonic components of recorded passages of a youth choir with equivalent tones and timbres produced electronically. He wanted to bring these two different sources of sound together into a single, fluid musical element, interlaced and dissolved into one another rather than contrasted, as had been the tendency of most musique concrete.   Stockhausen created some stir with works of very new spirit and imaginative form (Collaer 395).Stockhausen practiced his newly formed principles of electronic music composition, setting forth a plan that required the modification of the â€Å"speed, length, loudness, softness, density and complexity, the width and narrowness of pitch intervals and differe ntiations of timbre† in an exact and precise manner. There was nothing accidental about this combination of voices and electronic sounds. At thirteen minutes and fourteen seconds, Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was longer than any previous worked realized at the Cologne studio.It was a â€Å"composed† work, using a visual score showing the placement of sounds and their dynamic elements over the course of the work. The result was an astonishingly beautiful and haunting work of sweeping, moving tones and voices. The text, taken from the Book of Daniel, was sung by a boys’ choir as single syllables and whole words. The words were sometimes revealed as comprehensible sounds, and at other times merely as â€Å"pure sound values†. Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge deals with a much greater variety of sonic material than did the earlier studies (Morgan 466).Stockhausen’s assimilation of a boy’s singing voice into the work was the result of painstaking preparation on his part. He wanted the sung parts to closely match the electronically produced tones of the piece. His composition notes from the time explain how he made this happen: Fifty-two pieces of paper with graphically notated melodies which were sung by the boy, Josef Protschka, during the recording of the individual layers.Stockhausen also produced these melodies as sine tones on tape loops for the circa 3-hour recording sessions. The boy listened to these melodies over earphones and then tried to sing them. Stockhausen chose the best result from each series of attempts for the subsequent synchronization of the layers.Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge is historically important for several reasons. It represented the beginning of the end of the first period of tape composition, which had been sharply divided aesthetically between the Paris and Cologne schools of thought. The maturity of Stockhausen’s approach to composing the work, blending acoustic and electronic sounds as equivocal raw ma terials, signified a maturing of the medium.The work successfully cast off the cloak of novelty and audio experiments that had preoccupied so many tape compositions until that time. Stockhausen’s concept of â€Å"composing the sound†Ã¢â‚¬â€splitting it, making the changing parameters of sound part of the theme of the work—was first exercised in Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge. Rhythmic structures were only nominally present, no formal repetition of motifs existed in the work, and its theme was the continuous evolution of sound shapes and dynamics rather than a pattern of developing tones.Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was composed on five tracks. During its performance, five loudspeakers were placed so that they surrounded the audience. The listener was in the eye of the sonic storm, with music emanating from every side, moving clockwise and counterclockwise, moving and not moving in space.Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was originally prepared for five tape channels, later reduced t o four, and its ebullience is greatly enhanced by antiphonal effects. Stockhausen himself was to apply in many later works the discoveries he had made here in the treatment of language and of space, of which the latter was already claiming his attention in Gruppen for three orchestras. But perhaps the deepest lesson of Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge was that music of all kinds, whether naturally or electronically produced, is made of sounds rather than notes, and that the first task of the composer is to listen. â€Å"More than ever before†, Stockhausen wrote, â€Å"we have to listen, every day of our lives. We draw conclusions by making tests on ourselves. Whether they are valid for others only our music can show.† (Stockhausen 45-51).Stockhausen's Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge provided a major turning-point in the artistic development of the studio, for against all the teachings of the establishment the piece was structured around recordings of a boy's voice, treated and integrat ed with electronic sounds. In Stockhausen Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge electronic sounds take on a disturbing â€Å"otherness† when set in relief by the humanity of a boy's voice, racked at times out of intelligibility, but never out of recognition, by the dissection of its speech elements.Effects such as the distant murmur of multitudinous identical voices have a dramatic impact far more direct than Stockhausen's comments on the work would suggest; his concern is to incorporate vocal sounds as natural stages (complemented electronically) in the continuum that links tone to noise, vowel to consonant. His vivid imagination for broad effects is further revealed in the spatial direction and movement of the sound by distribution.Stockhausen was the most representative composers of a period which is still in its analytic phase (Collaer 48). Gesang der Jà ¼nglinge has subsequently become a crucial aspect of electronic composition and has helped to combat the faintly ridiculous sensatio n with which an audience concentrates on sounds emanating from a single â€Å"pseudo-instrument†. Stockhausen's fanatical devotion to this art is sustained by a vision of public music rooms (spherical ideally) giving continuous performances of spatial music. However reminiscent this may seem of some deplorable cinematic techniques, complex stereophony is an altogether natural development of machine music and may help it to achieve a persuasive idiom owing nothing to instrumental practice.Works CitedBazzana, Kevin. Glenn Gould: The Performer in the Work: A Study in Performance Practice. Oxford University Press, 1997.Collaer, Paul and Abeles, Sally. A History of Modern Music. World Publishing, 1961.Morgan, Robert P. Twentieth-Century Music: A History of Musical Style in Modern Europe and America. New York. Publication, 1991.Stockhausen â€Å"Actualia†, Die Reihe, 1 (1955, English edn. 1958), 45-51, (see also his ‘ Music and Speech ‘).

Different Types of Workers’ Compensation Plans

The four types of Workers’ Compensation plans are: Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program, Federal Employees’ Compensation Program, Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Program, and the Black Lung Benefits Program. Each of these programs helps serve the employees of these specific groups when they are injured during a workplace accident. Each of these programs provide medical care, cash benefits for lost wages, rehabilitation, and other benefits to those who are injured as a result of an on the job injury. The Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program went into effect on July 31, 2001. It provides benefits to those who have developed cancer or other serious illness due to exposure to radioactive materials while working. The Federal Employees’ Compensation Program provides benefits to employees that are employed by the federal government. The Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Program provides benefits for those employed in the maritime field. The Black Lung Benefits Program provides benefits to those that work in coal mines under the Black Lung Benefits Act. There are also two types of State Workers’ Compensation Plans. Each state has its own Workers’ Compensation plans. Coverage varies from state to state. All the states however, provide two types of Workers’ Compensation benefits. One of the benefits covers the employees’ medical expenses that resulted from an on the job injury. The other benefit compensates the employee for the wages he or she lost during the time he or she was unable to work. They will pay these wages until they are able to return to work. It is necessary to have federal and state compensation plans to make sure the employees are covered. It is against the law to have employees without offering Workers’ Compensation. It is best to have both because each state has different regulations. An employer needs to make sure they are covered 100%.

Rayon’s market

Britton to acquire American Fiber market consists of Rayon, Nylon and Cotton. Rayon's market share was increasingly rapid until 1959 but started to fall by year 1960. Nylon was introduced in 1955 and was eating up the market for Rayon. It has achieved a good increase in market share every year.1 . 3rd largest producer of rayon in the SSI . Increased earning difficulties 2. $MOM liquid assets 2. Rayon industry was declining 3. No short or long-term debt 3. Entry of new fiber products 4. Modern central manufacturing facility l. Problem Institutional Should MR., Inc. Acquire American Rayon Inc. (AR') ? OperationalIs Marc's management control system well suited to handle AR'? II. Objectives 1. To find out viability of MRS. acquisition of AR'. 2. To find out how much should MR. pay for the AIR acquisition. 3. To find the Net Present Value of AR'. Corporate Objective 1. Growth is the explicit objective of the acquisition program 2. And borrowing capacity Areas of Consideration 1. SOOT STRE NGTHS AIR is the 3rd largest producer or Rayon Strengthen liquidity AIR had over $20 million in liquid assets that were not needed for operations – No short or long term debt They had a modern manufacturing facility, their facilities can be retrofitted for ewe technology. MR. has a long history of successful acquisitions through its diversification campaign (therefore they have enough experience in handling risks and problems connected to acquisitions. – James Clinton, President of AR', had expressed willingness to stay and offer his services even after the acquisition for two years. WEAKNESSES MR. has a weak R & D MR. maxed out credit benefits From 1955, rayon began to falter AIR faced earning difficulties with a shrinking industry MR. management lacked the technical know-how to contribute o ARIA'S profitability OPPORTUNITIES upcoming innovation (polyester) in the fiber industry.THREATS The growth of Rayon has been falling which was about to become obsolete. – Introduction of new raw materials in the tire cord business- Acquiring AIR might entangle MR. in a dying business Competitors in the fiber industry 2. Macroeconomic Indicators Political Political climate in different countries producing and buying automobiles regarding policies on import, export and manufacture of automobiles and automobile components. This will also include policies on allowing setting up of manufacturing plants by foreign companies. Stability of governments. This may affect the future conditions in a country. Taxation policies. Economic Recession – Demand for cars, during the period, would result to decline as a result of higher levels of unemployment, lower purchasing power and the resulting postponement of new car purchases, decline in per capita automobile travel and volatile fuel prices. Reductions in per capita automobile travel directly impacted demand for tires and thereby tire cord in the replacement market. Debt Crisis – . Credit restriction s as a result of austerity measures implemented by debt ridden governments, consumer indecisiveness, weakening consumer confidence as a result f periodic flaring up the region's financial problems, would result in slowing down auto sales Level of economic activity that affects need for commercial use of automobiles Exchange rate, interest rate, GAP, inflation & other economic indicators Demographic The population figures and automobile buying capacity of people. The aging baby boomer population and their proximity to retirement age is increasing annually while the number of young drivers in the 16 to 29 year age bracket is increasing at the slowest pace. The discrepancy between the growing number of retirees and the educed number of young drivers is bound to manifest itself by way of reduced growth in the vehicle buying population. Socio-cultural Lifestyle and preferences of people that has an impact on their choice of types of automobiles. Social norms that impact the decision to o wn and use automobiles versus other means of transport.Market Profile and Outlook There is significant uncertainty since MR. is uncertain about the future of the rayon business. There are different perceptions about whether the potential of the AIR acquisition is big, but in new unfamiliar area such as rayon market the information is not enough. There are huge questions surrounding the potential of this business. Questions like how the market may evolve, considering the fact that the rayon industry had enjoyed one of the most spectacular successes in the history of tire manufacturing and at one point, the rayon industry started to decline.On another note, AIR is also expected to pick up and gain market share as smaller companies vertical and functional integration; taking the fact that MR. already has strengths in the manufacturing of power brake systems, industrial furnaces and etc. The acquisition may be able help MR. to enter the new market of rayon production and also use rayon to get deeper into tire manufacturing. Competition Different synthetic fibers compete for shares of the total fiber market principally on the basis of relative prices and relative quality characteristics.Diversification program created significant strains on the Company's organization structure and financial position. Since continued rapid diversification was considered imperative, Company's highly- centralized decision-making processes had shifted to a highly decentralized management structure, which transferred substantial decision- making power to division managers. In 1961, there were seven divisions. All marketing, purchasing, manufacturing, research and development, personnel matters, and accounting were handled at the division level.Each division has its own manager (usually a Vice-President) and had responsibility for the growth and profitability of his division. A division manager could get stock options and earn an annual bonus of up to 60% of his base salary depending on the earnings and growth of his division. Divisional sales and earnings goals. Divisional sales and earnings formulated by each general manager and submitted each November to the head office for review by Mr.. Britton and the Corporate Staff. The corporate staff provided legal, administrative, and financial support to the divisions and handled external affairs, financing and acquisitions as well.The staff, including corporate officers, consisted of fewer than 60 people, about half of whom would be classified as secretarial and clerical. With this, Mr.. Britton has the capacity to exercise adequate to exercise control over the decentralized organization through its power to hire and fire at the division manager level and important, through control of the elaborate capital budgeting yester. s product lines were power brake systems for trucks, buses, and automobiles; industrial furnaces and heat-treating equipment; and automobile, truck, and bus frames.

Joseph Schumpeter

Initiative An individual or group takes the initiative. 2. Organization Resources are brought together in organization to accomplish some objective (or the resources in existing organization are reorganized) 3.Administration Those who took the initiative to take over the management of the operation 4. Relative Autonomy The initiators assume relative freedom to dispose of and distribute resources. 5. Risk taking The organization’s success or failure is shared by the initiator’s superiors and subordinates. Entrepreneurs are the backbone of our economy. The Philippines is an entrepreneurial country.Small and medium-sized enterprises (SME), including micro-enterprises, account for 99 ppercent of all business establishments and 60 ppercent of the exporting firms in the Philippines. According to the Department of Trade and Industry, SME's currently employ about 55 ppercent of the Philippine labor force and contribute 30 ppercent to total domestic sales volume. Current problem s that Filipino entrepreneurs encounter today in setting up and maintaining their competitiveness in their community are the * inadequate access to technology * financing capital * marketing advice * logistical problemsTo further emphasize the importance of developing entrepreneurship education, a recent study by the Center for Asia Pacific Studies reveals, â€Å"out of every 100 children enrolled every year, 66 will complete elementary education, 42 will finish high school and only 14 will earn a college degree. † A study by Smart Communications adds,† only 7. 7% of graduates get employed†. This mearns that out of 100 children that goes to school, only one will end up getting a job. The importance of developing an innovative and entrepreneurial culture is a crucial part of the Philippines developed state future.Entrepreneurship directly leads to more business, more job opportunities and better quality of life. Starting and running a business can be a real option for young people, offering an alternative mearns of achieving both financial and personal independence. Supporting youth entrepreneurship can benefit both the Filipino Youth and the economy. It can: 1. create employment opportunities, through self-employment and by providing additional employment opportunities; 2. give young people a sense of meaning and purpose; 3. premote innovation and resilience in young people; and 4. help young people develop life skills.

Breastfeeding Is Better Than Formula Feeding

Breastfeeding has existed since humans have inhabited the earth. Depending on the time period you lived, it could have also been considered either good or bad to breastfeed. Throughout history there have been three primary ways to feed an infant; breastfeeding, bottle and formula and wet nursing. Breastfeeding through time has remained the medically preferred method of infant feeding. (1) For as long as breastfeeding has been around, bottle feeding has been in existence as well. 4000 years old clay†¦ Feeding a new life Breastfeeding is the most natural way to feed a baby. Typically breastfeeding is done in the early years of childhood, after the mother gives birth, her breast begin to produce breastmilk. It provides babies with the necessary nutrients. â€Å"While breastfeeding may not seem like the right choice for every parent it is the best choice for every baby.† (Amy Spangler). The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) strongly recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life†¦ breast-feed or formula-feed their babies. Breast feeding dates back to eighteen hundred BC in Greek culture where wet nurses came about as women hired to feed another woman’s child. Formula feeding did not come to light until two hundred years after which then led to a â€Å"refined and hygienic† bottle in the industrial ages (Stevens). While both have advantages and disadvantages, breastfeeding has shown to be more beneficial for mother and child. Although some may argue the contrary, breastfeeding is an overall†¦ Breastfeeding v. Formula Feeding Mothers have been breastfeeding their children for hundreds of years. In these times bottle feeding is being looked at as a more convenient and easier way to feed the baby. Bottle Feeding is neglecting a child of the important vitamins and nutrients it takes to thrive in the world. Breastfeeding is the best natural choice for mothers to do for their babies. They need to proteins in the milk that helps them form a defense against the diseases that plague this†¦ Before I begin with my explicit thoughts on breastfeeding, I must be blunt and state that it is my opinion that all women should have the right to choose what is right for them, their family, and their lifestyle when it comes to breastfeeding or bottle feeding. I believe that this is a very personal decision that has no â€Å"right† or â€Å"wrong† answer. As long as your baby is gaining weight, healthy, and happy, I think that whatever you are doing is perfectly acceptable. First, I will begin with what†¦ Breast Feeding, Better then Formula A woman is sitting at her house trying to watch television, with one of her breast exposed, and a pair of lips sucking on the nipple. While many people may view these words as sexual in nature, reminiscent of some long ago date, it is actually describing something innocent and natural for humans to do, the breastfeeding of an infant. The NRDC or Natural Resources Defense Council states in their online article Benefits of Breastfeeding that babies are â€Å"delicate†¦ on discussing the differences between breastfeeding and the formula. I also wanted to go over briefly about the discussion we had about understanding that any punishment from the parent will not change a child’s behavior. To begin with, there are a few things you should consider before you jump and decide to go right ahead and feed your baby using formula. First, let’s begin with the facts about breastfeeding. The emotional bond, while you are breastfeeding your child is very imperative. There is†¦ Breastfeeding vs. Formula Bottle-feeding Every mother of a newborn baby must make a very personal decision when it comes to how they are going to feed their infant. I was faced with that decision 3 years ago when I had my first son who I named Ethen. It was one of the very hardest decisions I had to make. I had to consider all the good benefits of breast feeding as well as the benefits of formula bottle-feeding, but the good benefits of breastfeeding outnumbered the bottle feeding ones. I finally†¦ society, there has been an ongoing controversy towards breastfeeding verses bottle feeding. Acker (2009) reports that, through recent public health efforts contemporary mothers in the United States have learned the slogan â€Å"Breast is Best.† A preponderance of medical literature finds that breastfeeding is a cost-effective way to improve the health of infants and children. These beliefs have also lead to some believing; everyone knows that breastfeeding is the only way to feed an infant. Imagine you are†¦ In the past mothers depend greatly on breastmilk as the best way of feeding babies. With the advancement in technology and daily hassles, mothers turn to either breastfeed for a couple of months, then formula feed their babies. Every mother has the right to decide whether to breastfeed or bottle feed, this personal right will be supported no matter the decision. However, exclusive breastfeeding is the best thing a mother can give to her baby for the first six month of the baby’s life. This is because†¦