Health Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup :: Sugar HFCS Artificial Sweetener Food

Health Effects of High Fructose Corn SyrupAbstract What is toweringschool laevulose corn sirup? Is it both(prenominal) kind of disease making machine? High fructose corn syrup is causing many problems in the United States and two of the main problems be obesity and type two diabetes. There are also many other diseases that branch off from these two main diseases, like liver and shopping center disease. In this paper, the reason why high fructose corn syrup is becoming such a huge problem in the United States entrust be explored. The Japanese first developed high fructose corn syrup. When they saw that it is more cost effective than other sugars, other companies started to use high fructose corn syrup in their products. High fructose corn syrup is a sugar made of fifty-five percent fructose and xlv percent glucose. Compared to normal table sugar, which is fifty percent fructose and fifty percent glucose, it doesn?t seem like much. Yet the fructose in high fructose corn syrup is less attached from normal sugar. This fructose that is free from the glucose dissever is more harmful to the body. It was first introduced in 1970 but it hasn?t been actively used until the late 1900?s. Yet because we started to use high fructose corn syrup, it is now causing a lot of problems. It has many negative stance effects after consumption, and most of the consuming is done in the United States. Two of the main problems caused by high fructose corn syrup are obesity and type two diabetes. Some of the other branches of these problems are liver and heart disease, osteoporosis, an increase in triglycerides, and many other kinds of health problems. Since high fructose corn syrup is very common in our daily diets, ranging for drinks to desserts, it is becoming a huge problem. (Severson, K. 2004)One of the main problems of high fructose corn syrup is obesity. Eating high fructose corn syrup is like eating fat. Fructose isn?t absorbed the large intestine or the first part of the small intestine. Fructose is absorbed in the jejunum at a much higher rate than normal glucose. After it is absorbed, it goes to the liver, where it is converted to fatty acids. When someone consumes in like manner much fructose, the liver is unable to convert all of it so it can be absorbed improperly.

science corse work (minus results) :: essays research papers

GCSE Physics Coursework - Resistance of a Wire CourseworkResistance of a WireTaskTo investigate how the rampart of a wire is affected by the length of the wire.TheoryWhat is resistance?Electricity is conducted through a conductor, in this case wire, by message of unloosen electrons. The number of free electrons depends on the material and more free electrons means a better conductor, i.e. it has less resistance. For example, aureate has more free electrons than iron and, as a result, it is a better conductor. The free electrons are given energy and as a result terminate and collide with neighbouring free electrons. This happens across the length of the wire and thus electricity is conducted. Resistance is the result of energy loss as heat. It involves collisions between the free electrons and the rigid particles of the metal, other free electrons and impurities. These collisions convert some of the energy that the free electrons are carrying into heat.How is it measured?The r esistance of a length of wire is calculated by quantity the current present in the circuit (in series) and the voltage across the wire (in parallel). These measurements are then applied to this formulaV = I R where V = Voltage, I = Current and R = ResistanceThis can be rearranged toR = VIOhms LawIt is also relevant to know of Ohms Law, which states that the current through a metallic conductor (e.g. wire) at a constant temperature is proportional to the potential difference (voltage). Therefore V I is constant. This means that the resistance of a metallic conductor is constant providing that the temperature also remains constant. Furthermore, the resistance of a metal increases as its temperature increases. This is because at higher temperatures, the particles of the conductor are moving around more quickly, thus increasing the likelihood of collisions with the free electrons.VariablesInputLength of wire. * Material of wire. Width of wire. Starting temperature of wire. Output and thus the resistance of the wire. Voltage across wire. Current in circuit. Temperature of wire. The variable marked with a * will be varied, the other input variables will be kept constant. The create variable marked with a will be measured.PredictionsThe longer the wire, the higher the resistance. This is because the longer the wire, the more times the free electrons will collide with other free electrons, the particles making up the metal, and any impurities in the metal.

Steel drums :: essays research papers

The recording I listened to is called Carnival Favorites. It is Caribbean poise drum music. It is the majority of what people listen to and play in the Caribbean. It can be connect to the genre of music known as techno. Usually a basic beat is repeated while a featured instrument such as steel drums plays a melody or song. Caribbean bands are mostly comprised of a drum set player, steel drum player, and a guitar and bass player. Other bands entrust add in other instruments such as a keyboard, bongos, or African drums. It is played so that people will be entertained, is played to occur peoples spirits high. Steel drum music is also about dancing. Any song that is played you will most likely be able to dance to it. The music makes you want to get into groove. Unless a band is playing a cover song, the band might not have a singer. Steel drum bands, in particularly, use the steel drums to sing to the audience. Steel drum players are fascinating to watch because of how difficult it is to play, and players can play all note perfect in the steel pan with ease. It differs from any American music because there are usually not any words, and is different from techno because the steel drum is used as a voice instead of a sound machine. most music that I listen to is based on the guitar and the vocalists. cosmos a drummer makes me focus more on the drum parts, which is why I like steel drum bands because they are percussion featured. The steel drums, and other percussion instruments are the main attractions. The tempos of what I listen to, and Caribbean music, differ greatly. The genre of music I listen to can be up to twice as riotous as Caribbean music. Caribbean music is at a mild tempo so it is relaxing and so nobody is over worked, either dancing or playing. Most steel drum players could not play at a fast speed.

Personal Writing: The Evaluation Of My Coaches Essay -- essays researc

Personal Writing The Evaluation of My Coaches     Throughout my high school basketball career I experienced several diametric coaches. Every new coach brought a different approach to coaching.The varying techniques of coaching brought about different attitudes andexpectations during practices and games. I found that during practice, coacheshad either the nice-guy or the drill serjeant-at-law approach. They also had differentmethods of coaching during and after the games.     Practices are very important to basketball. If you practice great(p) andtake it seriously, your team can become successful. All of my coaches in highschool took practices seriously. I basically had two different types of coacheswhen it came to practice. There was the drill sergeant type, which had the teamline up in the same place every day to do our calisthenics before each practice.The team captain stood confront the rest of the team and lead us in variousstretches an d other warm-ups. The coach was very strict. No horse play orunnecessary lecture or anything else we knew would cast the coach mad. Coachwould have us do drills having to do with the plays we ran during the game. Ifwe made a mistake coach would stop us and make an example of whoever messed up.He would say, "Did everyone see what Bryan just did? That is what you shouldnot do." He would then gripe a little and after that we would continue ourpractice. I feel that this method...

Tuberculosis: Prevalent and Deadly Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Tuberculosis (TB) is a very prevalent, very contagious, and very deadly disease worldwide. According to the Centers for sickness Control, one third of the population is infected with TB. (Centers for Disease Control Data and statistics) While less common than it has ever been, tuberculosis has seen an upsurge in the last three decades directly related to the AIDS epidemic, just now also as a result of the development of many multi-drug-resistant strains. This is of particular concern in developing nations hit hard by AIDS infections, however it is also evidenced in an upswing in the United States. (Nester, Anderson and Roberts)Because of the increase of cases both here and worldwide there has been a concerted effort to limit the fare of new infections and to concord the spread of it by managing the most at risk populations. Nationally this would include prison populations, people with AIDS, and immigrants from countries where there is a high preponderance of TB. Other risk fac tors include other immunocompromised groups, including those in hospitals, and poverty. The efforts to combat this disease, via education, vaccine administration, and proper sanitation controls have accrued the spread dramatically. Nationally the decrease began in 1993 (Nester, Anderson and Roberts) and internationally the decrease began in 2010. (United Nations ). Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis. The bacterium spreads in the air when a person with the infection coughs or sneezes. There are many cases of people with latent TB infection but who may eventually develop the disease and therefore become vectors for contagion. alter immune systems greatly increase the chances for developing the disease, which explains why ... ... even the latent infection with medication, and isolating those who are contagious have done more to control the spread of this oft fatal disease than have one particular vaccination. Works CitedCenters for Disease Contr ol. Tuberculosis. March 2012. 11 March 2012 .National Network for immunization Information. Tuberculosis. March 2005. March 2012 .Nester, Eugene, et al. Microbiology A Human Perspective. 7th Edition. New York McGraw-Hill, 2012.Tuberculosis. Human Diseases and Conditions. 1 March 2012 .United Nations . United Nations intelligence operation Service. 11 October 2011. United Nations News Centre. 12 March 2012 .

Technology Essay -- essays research papers

Providing Representations in Multiple Modalities Mathematica software enables students to see a graphical representation of any function. By changing equations or using different set for variables, students develop a deeper accord of mathematics by viewing changes in the graphical representations. A key understanding in pharmacy education is that the activeness of drugs depends on the "fit" between particular molecules in the body and the molecular structure of drugs, in a kind of "lock and key" relationship. However, students often shake off difficulty visualizing molecules as three-dimensional objects. A pharmacy professor uses molecular modeling software to create self-paced assignments which require students to manipulate molecules, developing visualizing ability and understanding of drug-receptor relationships. (Contact Dr. Marc Harrold) Drilling Students on Basic Concepts to Reach Mastery Software tutorials exist for many modern languages, enabling students to learn basic grammar through self-paced learning, exercises, and tests with feedback about their performance. HyperMap provides students with trust in interpreting geologicalal maps. The software presents a series of regional maps with dominantly planar contacts, then asks students a series of interpretive questions on three-dimensional geology and geologic evolution of the region, providing immediate feedback on right and wrong answers. (Contact Intellimation 1-800-368-6868) Facilitating Collaborative Activity among Students Classrooms of networked computers using software such as Daedalus enable students to spend class cartridge holder doing group pre-writing exercises, electronically addressing controversial questions, and peer reviewing one anothers writing. A computer conference is established among students enrolled in strategic management courses in Korea, Egypt, Finland, and the United States. Students discuss topics specified by the instructors, such as advertising an d the environment. They also complete a team project such as finding a effect to a real-world environmental problem, with each team including students from each country. Seeing Interconnections among Concepts Victorian Web presents text and images of Victorian England. Students can explore how the social context, economics, religion, philosophy, visual arts, and literary works of the period might be inte... ...ology. Why Use Instructional Technology? Students can be actively engaged in learning, leading to greater cadence on task and greater depth of knowledge Student learning can emphasize continuous improvement of a piece of work, a judgment sometimes called "D.I.A.T." or Doing It Again Thoughtfully (Steven Ehrmann, final report of Project Flashlight) Students can work more collaboratively with one another Students can be wedded more practice with feedback Students can examine their existing conceptions and update or modify Learning materials can be provided to match the learning style of the pupil Self-paced learning may be possible, with study and practice until the student reaches his/her "personal best" Classroom dialogue can extend beyond the time and blank shell constraints of class time Students can learn by working on complex, open-ended, realistic (or real-world) tasks Faculty can restructure their role, using individual and peer-group work or technology for some purposes, thereby freeing time to make their unique contribution to student learning Perhaps most importantly, faculty find rethinking their inform an energizing and regenerative experience

Affect the Daily Lives of Elderly

Ive f in allen and kindlet get up How many times bewilder you heard and laughed at that expression? Although there argon countless jokes to go along with develop, the fact is the age process brings about numerous bodily changes that can affect the lives of older adults. With such a capacious span of changes that may happen, not all elderly people have the same changes. This is called probabilistic aging (changes that may happen to some, but not all people as they grow older). The majority of aging changes not only cause physical disability, but mental and social setbacks as well.The ones that have the largest cause of the quality of daily life in the elderly are the loss of bone density, kidney dysfunctions, and high blood pressure. As we progress through the years, our bones begin to decrease in density. We all lose some bone mass as we age and it reaches its peak between the ages of 25 and 35. Our bones lose calcium and other minerals and plough more porous, lighter, and l ess dense. The loss of density causes our bones to become weak and possibly break. There are many different stages to bone loss, but osteoporosis is the around debilitating.It is most commonly found in women over the age of 60 when their bones begin to break and can even cause hip and spinal anesthesia fractures. In women who have experienced menopause, they can use hormone therapy to help increase bone density. Through calcium and vitamin D supplements as well as exercise (weight lifting and walking), we can also increase our bone density. Of course, the earlier we start, the healthier our bones will be when we get older. Another common ailment is kidney disease. Our kidneys have the job of removing waste from the bloodstream.As we age and have chronic conditions like diabetes or high blood pressure, damage can be done to our urinary packet and kidneys. When poisons and toxins are not being eliminated properly, problems can range from fatigue and frequent urination to incontinen ce (loss of bladder control) and the need for dialysis (blood is cleaned out) may occur. The most extreme cases would get hold of kidney transplants. Reducing the intake of sugar and carbohydrates, maintaining a low cholesterol and fat diet, as well as drinking plenty of fluids is what doctors suggest to avoid these types of problems.The thirdly and most significant bodily change as we age is hypertension or high blood pressure. It is a silent change that is linked to divers(a) other diseases and is the most deadly. Hypertension is caused by fatty deposits that form on the walls of the heart vessels known as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). The body receives blood through arteries pump by the heart muscles. This blood carries oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients to the necessary areas in the body. If there are fatty deposits on the walls of the vessels, it impedes the blood flow, resulting in the heart working harder to weigh the blood through blocked arteries.The ef fect is an elevated blood pressure reading medically known as hypertension. Stress is one of the main causes of hypertension which is directly linked to overeating, smoking, and drinking. Research indicates that cold weather can be connect to high blood pressure in older people because it is related to stress. Without treatment, it increases the risk of kidney disease, erectile dysfunction, eye problems, diabetes and more importantly heart disease and stroke which can be fatal. A proper diet, exercise and healthy choices are necessary to decrease the fatty deposits in our blood vessels.All of these bodily changes can cause some form of physical disability which in turn can cause emotional and social problems as well. When a physical body change occurs, the elderly may become depressed because they may need to imprecate of others to help them. They also may avoid social situations because they are uncomfortable, in pain, or have a level of embarrassment due to their disability. Alt hough biological aging cannot be avoided, there often are many ways to prevent some of the probabilistic changes from happening or be less debilitating.A common narration found throughout the bodily changes is many of them can be avertable with a healthy lifestyle change of a proper diet and exercise. So get wiser with age by seeing a doctor regularly and begin your lifestyle changes to ensure an enjoyable aging process. Works Cited Aging. (Last modified frame in 21, 2009. ) In Wikipedia Online. Retrieved March 21, 2009 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Aging Bone Mineral Density. (2005-2009) WebMD. Retrieved on March 21, 2009 from http//www. webmd.com/osteoporosis/bone-mineral-density Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). (2009. ) National Kidney Foundation. Retreived on March 21, 2009 from http//www. kidney. org/kidneydisease/ckd/index. cfm Hypertension/High stock certificate Pressure Guide (2005-2009). WebMD. Retrieved on March 20, 2009 from http//www. webmd. com/hypertension-high-bl ood-pressure/ Warner, J. (January 12, 2009). WebMD. High Blood Pressure Climbs in Winter. http//www. webmd. com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/news/20090112/high-blood- pressure-climbs-in-winter

Automotive Essay

Q 1, How well is Jones Electrical Distribution performing? What must Jones do well to succeed?First Quarter2004200520062007Sales addition18%17%ROE7.6%13.6%12.3%2.0%Sustainable growth rate7.6%13.6%12.3%2.0%Profit Margin0.9%1.5%1.34%0.8%Assets turnover2.762.882.860.70financial leverage3.203.123.233.49Shareholders equity31%32%31%29%From coverage ratio analysis we can see Jones electrical distributions business is stable business as a retailer. Sales increase 18% and 17% in 2006 and 2007 respectively, with estimation in 2007 will be 20.4%. Shareholders equity is around 30%. Jones sustainable growth rate g*=RT*ROA, so compare with actual sales growth, we can make the conclusion Jones well managed its growth through year of 2004 to 2007. As Jones doing low margin business, so should avoid high financial leverage ratio as pastime burden will be heavy. Q2, why does a business that has profit of $30,000 per year claim a margin loan?200420052006First Quarter2007collection period42.0 years 44.0 days43.0 days43.9 dayspayables period10.1 days10.0 days24.1 days37.4 daysFrom above table we can find out Jones collection period increased step by step and this will make more cash support that, payables period exceed 10 days from 2006, this will lost 2% discount from suppliers. As Jones sales growth rate is high than sustainable rate, so its net earning could non support increased account receivable and inventory. Then the company need bank loan to finance the increase business.Q3, What drove the increase in Joness accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006?Sales growth drove the increase of accounts receivable and inventory balances in 2005 and 2006.Q4, Is Nelson Joness estimate that a $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 accurate?As Jones estimated growth rate in 2007 is 20% for sales, so account receivable and inventory will increase as a consequence. Total $129,000 is needed if collection period and inventory will not improve. As Jones account s payable in front quarter exceed 37 days already, this will makes Jones loss 2% discount from suppliers, accumulated 24% against 7.5% interest rate. So this makes sense for Jones get loans build inventory within 10days payment. Total inventory change $129,000+$120.000=$249.000. So $350,000 line of credit is sufficient for 2007 even the bank set some limitations how to use the credit.Q5, When will Jones be able to repay the line of credit?As long term debt already $378,000 in first quarter of 2007, plus additional bank loan $350,000. So total credit will be $720,000 Net income for Jones is $30,000 and with stable growth rate, so Jones need around 25 years repay all the credit.Q6, What could Jones do to mortify the size of the line of credit he needs?Jones should manage closely reduce collection period and increase inventory turn over to reduce work capital.

Dualism in Indian Management

Dualism In Indian Management The focussing concept in the western hemisphere developed as a result of evolutionary process, based on the changing values systems of the people the social, political, and economic environment as well as educational and heathen milieu. However, in India, historically we never evolved our own concepts, keeping the Indian scenario in view. We found it convenient to transfer management technology, just as scientific technology. closely of the management concepts in India have been borrowed from west.During last three decades the western especially the American concepts of management have become popular in India and to a larger-than-life extent efforts argon made to absorb some of these concepts in wide variety of organizational settings which range d from Taylors Scientific management, management by objective to emphasis on business process reengineering etc. 1. The actual management practices in India greatly differ from what we learn in Management sc hools which are based mostly on western philosophy The broad concepts of management and administration are in a sense universal.The culture specificity obtains to the extent to which these are applied. The concepts of planning, enlisting, training, financial systems and control, etc. , are in that respect in any culture, but the specificity is in how they are run and implemented. In India, too, down the ages there have been the universe of discourse of these universal principles and concepts of management and administration. But the difference in Indian administration and management lies in the subtle variation in how planning is carried out, how much is implemented, how recruitment takes place, what are the considerations, how are the financial controls effected and so on.The differences that manifest in Indian management and administrative practices are the result of the norms and expectations of the people through their history. approximately of the management practices in In dia have been borrowed from the West. Most of them are given training in western countries and learning western management policies. When he applies these policies in the Indian organizations where the situation is entirely different, he finds does non proceed as planned. There is a distinct hiatus between the rofessed policies and the practices followed in the Indian environment as a result of these compromises. Assuming that foreign management practices will work equally well in Indian conditions, policies are evolved and plans made. Since goals set in this way of life are largely achieved, there is a scholarship that management practices in India are similar to the foreign ones. This may not be always true. In India management is characterized by peculiar dualism. There is a distinct hiatus between the professed policies and the actual practices followed in the Indian organizations.This is due to the effect of western policies on Indian management practices. Peculiarities of I ndian management The emphasis on the personality of the top leader in the organization. Expectation of Indian people is more towards paternalism. The prerequisite requisite for paternalism appears to be unity in the leadership, and single, identifiable source of power. Familial Feeling perceived by the employees because of the parental attitude adopted by the superiors and colleagues which gives a sense of security and belongingness among the employees. Dualism exists in almost all aspects of management starting from corporate planning, recruitment promotion, transfers to financial system and marketing aspects. The western management concepts got evolved when there was proprietary ownership and was based on the decision making process of organizing, planning, directing, coordinating, controlling etc and the manager having the right and prerogative to plan, organize, direct and control. However, everyplace the years the ownership patterns of the organization changed from propr ietary ownership to public ownership.The western management is passing through a confused state of evolutionary process where the past management concepts based on managerial rights and prerogatives are dead due to various countervailing forces, and the new concepts are yet to be born. There is a strong perception in western management that entire change process in the organization has to be brought in by the man at the top. The model organizations is not the one which, as widely believed in west and in India, where one man runs a spectacular show while he is there, to see it crack after his exit. . Modifications suggested in the management policies to make it suitable for Indian Conditions. With the enthusiasm to run the organization on modern/ professional management principles many a times the consultants specially the foreign/western recommend management techniques based on their models and latest fads on the precepts that all those techniques could be applied in Indian environ ment, which they discover later that they could not be implemented resulting in further frustration and acrimonious debates on the value of such advises.This is primarily because of the lack of double-dyed(a) and intrinsic research on Indian management i. e. what works in India and what does not work. Organizations have been investing huge resources on various borrowed concepts of management emanating from west and other countries, such as Management by Objective (MBO) Business Process Reengineering (BPR) Total Quality Management (TQM) Just In Time (JIT) strategic Management, Target Oriented or 360 Degree Appraisal System, Balanced Score Card etc.Researches indicate these concepts in the long run get accustomed or just remain on paper though what actually happens is quite different resulting in frustration due to dualism in management. In Indian Context, to bring about a change, it is important that the dynamics of Indian environment included familial culture, is not completely se parated from the organization holding purely by the dictates of alien management principles. Certain legal modifications should be made to have longer tenure for the top management with internal promotions and appropriate passage and succession plan.Succession planning would insulate the organization from periodic upheavals that normally occur with changes in the leadership. It will also lend a sense of stability to the organizations over a period of time. Indian management needs to move away from short-term profitability to long-term institution building. If as it is at present, the personality of the leader overwhelms the institution, it should be his responsibility to build tradition and practices that are conducive to long-term institution building.Little attention is paid to career planning. This will barely lead to discontent. Organizations must have systematic career planning for employees from the time they join. Indian management should move towards institutionalization and standardization of practices across organizations. This has to be done over a long term. ASSIGNMENT ON Dualism In Indian Management Submitted By, Dhanya Mathew MBA-L Reg No. 0921242

Orgnaization Behavior

Personality Traits in the Devil Wears Prada The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 Twentieth light speed Fox film, Directed by David Frankel. This story takes place in downtown New York it is a story of a girl, a girl named Andrea Sachs. Andy, as shes most commonly referred to, is a fresh erupt of college, armed with a Journalism degree, and ready to make it big in New York. However, New York doesnt exactly give her the job she expected, and she ends up working as an assistant for the monstrous Miranda Priestly.Miranda Priestly is editor in chief for one of the biggest fashion magazines in New York, Runway. When Andy begins her job, she has no idea how challenging it go out be, or how challenging her boss, Miranda Priestly will be, for that matter. One of the primary ways Miranda and Andy differ/clash is in their soulalities. In this paper, I will analyze the in truth different disposition traits of Miranda and Andy. The personality traits I will focus on are, Machiavellianism, commun ication style, vocal belligerence, and the results of verbal belligerency, stress.The first personality trait, Machiavellianism, is a term coined from the book, The Prince, by Niccolo Maciavelli (1469-1527). Machiavelli wrote the book as a handbook for the success of royalty. His basic piece of advice was to do whatsoever it took to be successful, the term Machiavellianism, simply means that the end justifies the means (Avtgis, 2010, p. 135). A person with high mach simply means that person will lie, steal, cheat and do whatever else it takes to get what they want. Miranda Priestly is an slight example of someone that is very high on the mach scale.For example, when she finds out her job is threatened by a younger woman, she blackmails Irv, the owner of Runway, to keep her in her position as editor in chief, at the expense of her friend, Nigel, who thought he was getting a promotion as well. When confronted astir(predicate) this by Andy she says, You want this life, those cho ices are necessary (The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda). Because Miranda communicates in this Machiavellianism way, and does not hesitate to sacrifice the ones closest to her, muckle are continuously wary and queer around her.While Miranda is very high on the Machiavellianism scale, Andy is relatively low. She butt ons this by leaving Runway after Mirandas behavior toward Nigel. Andy even goes as far as to give her designer clothes to Emily Mirandas other assistant, to make up for taking her spot as Mirandas assistant to the Paris fashion show. The tell between the ii shows character in Andy, and it also shows the success of Miranda. Miranda stayed successful, while Andy became jobless maybe there is some truth to the saying, the nice guy always finishes last.The second personality trait discussed is Communication style it is defined as, A trait reflecting how a person verbally and para-verbally interacts with others (Avtigs, 2010, p. 143). People communicate in legion(predicate) different ways, and with many different tones, the textbook lists ten different ways of interaction. Combinations of these specific interaction styles produce something called the communicator project. The communicator image shows how well the person prat in effect communicate to others.This is divided into two groups, non-affirming style, which threatens the other persons self concept or worth, and the affirming style, which validates the other persons self concept or worth (Avtgis, 2010). Miranda and Andy have opposite communicator images and they demonstrate different communication interaction styles. Miranda has a very strong non-affirming communicator image. Her interaction styles are, dramatic, dominant and contentious. She shows her dramatic style, which is either under exaggerating something, or over exaggerating it, when she calls Andy up slowly one evening needing a flight from Miami to New York.Andy informs her that there is a hurricane and that is why her flight is cancelled. Miranda answers Please, its just drizzling (Devil Wears Prada, Miranda) Miranda extremely under exaggerates the hard knocks of the weather because she just wants to get home this communication style is very unfair. Miranda also has a very dominant style of communicating Andy sums this up outmatch when she is talking to her boyfriend about Miranda, She is not happy unless everyone around her is panicked, nauseous, or suicidal (Devil Wears Prada, Andy).Mirandas communication style is so dominating that it severely negatively influences the people around her. Finally, Miranda also exhibits a very contentious communication style, which is communicating in a very confrontational way. She demonstrates this style when she is speaking to people she works with, Its just baffling to me why it is so impossible to put together a decent run through, you people have had hours and hours to check (Devil Wears Prada, Miranda). Of course, no one responds to her confrontational tone, be cause everyone is so afraid of her however it is the perfect example of how she is a non-affirming communicator.Andy, on the other hand, has an affirming communicator image. Her interaction styles that make up this image are, friendly, relaxed, and attentive. All of these styles put people at ease, and make them comfortable. The first example of this is friendly interaction style, Andy shows this when she is attempting to make small talk to Emily, the other assistant, and asks her if she is doing anything fun this weekend, she asks politely and with a smile, but Emily responds with a curt yes (Devil Wears Prada, Emily and Andy).Obviously people in Mirandas office are not used to friendly interaction Her second interaction style is relaxed, throughout the whole movie Andys style of communicating is relaxed, she is self confident and this shows in most of her interactions with Emily, who is always nervously running around, Andy is loyal and sure, this causes Emily to rely and depend on her, especially at the benefit, where Andy bails Emily out because shes forgotten information (Devil Wears Prada, Andy). Her final interaction style that gives her an affirming image is the attentive style.The opera hat example is when Miranda confides in her about her divorce, Andy listens to her with an active interest, asking questions, and making eye contact. She says, Im so sorry Miranda, is there anything I can do? (The Devil Wears Prada, Andy). This shows that Andy is a very caring person, easy to talk to, and affirming. While both Andy and Miranda have a different communicator image and interaction styles, this movie is an excellent example of what these different styles and images are, and how they impact communication.I think everyone would agree that Andy is a lot more approachable than Miranda, and a lot less intimidating, however Miranda demands respect and is very successful at what she does. The final trait that will be discussed is verbal aggressiveness and the stress that it causes. As one could probably guess, Miranda is the one possessing the verbal aggressiveness and Andy is the one that the verbal aggressiveness is causing stress to.Verbal aggressiveness is defined by the text book as, A predisposition to attack the self-concept of another person with the intent to inflict psychological harm or pain (Avtgis, 2010, p. 137). There are many different types of verbal aggressiveness, but in this paper we will just discuss teasing and threats. There are also many types of negative reactions to verbal aggression, but we will simply discuss the stress that it can cause. This film is an excellent example of verbal aggressiveness and the results that it can have.Miranda has a very strong verbal aggression trait this comes out toward Andy in two forms, teasing and threats. In the first half of the movie, Miranda is constantly making fun of the way Andy dresses, making comments such as, your lumpy blue sweater, and Andy fishing her clothing out of a clearance bin (The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda). This type of verbal aggressiveness can cause psychological harm to the individual on the receiving end. The second trait of verbal aggressiveness Miranda shows against Andy is threats. Threats can be very damaging and cause much stress.An excellent example of this is when Andy does something wrong, to punish her Miranda asks for Andy to accomplish an outrageous task, and if she fails to do so, salutary dont bother coming back (The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda). Instead of firing her immediately, Miranda wishes to inflict worry and stress on Andy, just to pay her back, this is not effective communication Verbal aggressiveness is a trait that goes hand in hand with stress reaction. Andy naturally feels stress when she is being threatened and beleaguer constantly.Andy displays this stress in frequent situations, running down the street arms full of bags for Miranda, or walking (more like running) her dog, and carrying trays of steami ng Starbucks. She also displays stress caused by verbal aggressiveness in her personal life, she is always telling her boyfriend she is burnt out, tired, and fed up with Miranda, who gives her a constant headache (The Devil Wears Prada, Andy). This is a perfect example of just how much verbal aggressiveness can negatively affect someone.I really enjoyed watching this movie, it was an excellent example of personality traits, I had a hard time narrowing down the ones I wanted to write about. This film has demonstrated almost perfectly the different personality traits in an organization and how these traits are directly related to how people communicate with each other. I now have a deeper understanding of Machiavellianism, communication style, verbal aggressiveness and the results of that verbal aggressiveness, and how those specific personality traits work in an organization.While Miranda may be viewed as cruel, selfish and mean, she was truly successful and wonderful at what she did . Personality traits that sometimes are viewed negatively can be the best thing for a competitive company. Andy was a sweet and good-natured girl, at the end of the movie she gets a job interview at the New Yorker to be a journalist this job would definitely better fit her personality traits and her strengths. This just goes to show that personality traits are directly related to specific jobs and organizations. Personality Traits in the Devil Wears Prada Organizational Communication 418631

Children’s ideas in Science Essay

Harlen (1997) identified various techniques which can be used to modify children to reveal their ideas. These include moveing, asking children to circle or write ab forbidden what they think is happening, discussing their writing or drawing with their teacher and initiating a group discussion.With Harlens view in mind and considering the category topic of materials being focused on in Science, my partner and I decided to plan a lesson that explored childrens ideas of what particular objects are made from and what they were front to the object they are now.It was felt that in order for childrens ideas to be highlighted, visual cues would be beneficial. Harlen (2000125) supports this and affirmsThere are often products or artefacts at several(prenominal) stages of childrens activities which all have the potential to indicate children ideas.The use of visual aids did help children respond to the questions asked and assist children develop their ideas. They ensured the children wer e focused and also ensured the children were unbroken on task.For one of the examples, it may have proved more effective if the visual objects had been provided for each stage that the object had been with to get it to what it is now.To evaluate childrens ideas, it was thought that questioning the children would be very beneficial and as Harlen (2000) emphasised open questions and person-centred questions prove the most effective types of questions in order to find out childrens ideas. Considering this view, my partner and I tried to ensure the majority of our questions included these two question types. The first question to be asked was What do you think this was in advance it was made into a jumper thus reflecting a person-centred question.Some of the children at this stage replied with the answer a sheep and upon reflection it can be said that the question needed to be more focused to ensure the children stated what the jumper was exactly before it was a jumper. It perhaps wo uld have been more affective and easier for the children if we had looked at the objects the other way around focusing on a sheep, moving on to a ball of wool and then moving on to the confused jumper. However the learning objective was to see if children could state what an object was anterior to the one it is now and what is was before that.This part of the lesson was completed as a upstanding class in order to generate more ideas. Harlen (2000101) suggested that childrens discussion with their peers is a valuable source of generating ideas. This is because children are encouraged to consider alternative ideas through other peoples ideas and secondary sources and not just from what they experience directly.Sharp (200085) identifiedChildrens involvement in formulating their ideas, attempting to communicate them and listening to alternative explanations by their peers is a valuable learning process.To enable a clear understanding of childrens ideas were generated it was thought that through children drawing their ideas as well as discussing them would not only highlight their ideas but would also be valuable for assessment purposes. Harlen (2000125) highlights childrens drawings give particularly rich information about their ideas.throughout the drawing of pictures, the children were required to think about what the objects were before and before that. The drawings provided us with a clear insight into the childrens thoughts and ideas. Sharp (2000) highlights through discussions with children, about their pictures, enable their ideas to be clarified and explained upon.As well as drawing pictures, the children were asked to write a brief description of what the various objects were prior to what they are now. Harlen (2000) identified that through writing, childrens ideas may prove more productive. Within the writing, children expressed their ideas more thoroughly than within the pictures and recorded how some of the objects had been a different object prio r to the object they are now.

Assessment in mathematics teaching in regards to the National Curriculum

The subject of detecting what goes on in a schoolroom and reflecting on whether it is every bit good as it heap be, improves the part of a teacher s ain instruction and their ability to region it with others. ( Mason, in Lee, 2006, p10 ) in that location atomic number 18 many methods of reflecting upon one s ain work, but carried unwrap critic everyy and positively, all should take to an ability to better the quality of that work. The cardinal word here is should . Improvement bequeath simply take topographic point if, following the musing, some stairss argon identified and implemented to convey ab surface betterment. It is the confined of this paper to help that contemplation and contemplation cognitive operation.The rubric of the essay requires rating of my instruction. The word evaluate is taken to intend to judge or find the signifi batchce, worth, or quality of , as defined by Dictionary.com. The paper w laid low(predicate) total, in a chronological order, the instruction I carried proscribed over a devil hebdomad period. In peculiar it ordain analyze the estimation techniques that I apply at each phase, and will critique the effectivity of the judgement. Where appropriate the paper will propose where things could h darkeneder been make better.As the rubric dictates, this paper is a contemplation upon learning that I carried out during my first arrangement, as set of my PGCE class. As such(prenominal), it refers in the most portion to personal experience and contemplations upon that experience. The paper will thus be written chiefly in the first individual, with mentions from other parties in the 3rd individual.Having considered the appraisal employed throughout the instruction, I will so see a figure of general findings, and how assessment whitethorn impact those findings.What Is Assessment and Why Is It ImportantAssessment is a portion of all of our lives from the minute we are born, as the accouche affair places a babe on the graduated tables. It follows us through early childhood ( as pistillate parents and wellness visitants assess what a babe can make at each phase in their development ) , into school and beyond into employment.The facet of appraisal with which this paper is concerned is the appraisal carried out within the mathematics schoolroom. The word appraisal is habituated to denote any witting activity intended to tack on information about a disciple s fulfillment or attainment.There are four chief types of appraisal, ( as defined by Weeden, spend and Broadfoot, 2002, p19 )Diagnostic to place students original public presentationFormative to help eruditeness ( including equal and self appraisal )Summational for reappraisal, transportation and enfranchisementmeasure to see how well instructors or establishments are executing.Of these, formative and summative appraisal will have the most focus, with conside balancen being given to the effects these types of appraisal have on students acquisition. Appraising appraisal is non considered within the range of this essay.Whether appraisal is good to a student s acquisition or non depends on the utilization to which the information gained is put. For illustration, wellness visitants may place a nutritionary demand of a immature kid which can be corrected with the appropriate input, and also instructors may place an educational demand of a student which they can take stairss to turn to. William ( in Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p29 ) suggests all four maps of appraisal require that case of public presentation or attainment is elicited, is so interpreted, and as a consequence of that reading, some action is taken . Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot ( 2002 ) besides conclude that appraisal becomes formative when the information gained is used by the instructor and student within the learning procedure. I would besides add that it requires the consequences of the appraisal to be acted upon within a trivial cli p frame, while feedback is still relevant.Further much, inventions that include beef uping the pattern of formative appraisal green goods important, and frequently significant, larning additions . ( filthy et al. 2003, p9 ) .The purpose, whence, is to justify that appraisal, of all types, is used formatively wherever possible.The Class That Was TaughtThe course of instruction that I taught was a Year 9 category of 20 students. Although they were classified as a lower-attaining category ( Set 3 out of 4 ) , the scope of abilities within the category and the particular demands of a few persons warrant some brief description. matchless male child had arrived late from Somalia and had a limited appreciation of English, but no other particular demands.Several of the students had low reading ages, typically in the age 8 9 scope, and were hence challenged by some word jobs. Additionally, one of these students had moved into mainstream categories at the start of yr 9, after two old ages support by the school s nucleus programme , and hence sometimes needed extra support as respects concentration.Four of the students in the category were on the school s SEN registry as BESD, i.e. they had behavioral, emotional or societal throw out of kilters which without careful handling could take to disruption in lessons.One-half of the category entered twelvemonth 7 with a National Curriculum assessment degree of 3b or 3a, with the balance at low degree 4. By the terminal of twelvemonth 8 all were accessed at degree 4 or 5c. Several of the students moved up by merely one or two degree points during their first two old ages at Secondary school, bespeaking some cause for concern.The category was routinely supported by a Teaching Assistant, whose function was chiefly to back up the student with EAL, but besides to supply general support as required to other students.The Topic TaughtThe subject taught was Ratio and Proportion.The Scheme of Work indicated five hours of inst ruction, the identical of six 50 minute lessons, and I set about dally forthing a subject program consequently. The really first Standard which a trainee instructor must accomplish is to hold postgraduate outlooks of kids and immature people ( Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) , 2010 ) . With the benefit of hindsight, I can see that the word high in this criterion is a word that requires considerable thought and single application to each student. At the clip, nevertheless, I took this to intend that I should anticipate all my pupils to be able to hold on the rudimentss of a given subject within a period of learning clip, determined by me, their instructor. Low outlooks by instructors are regarded as a much bigger job than high outlooks. ( Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot, 2002, p64 ) . Determined that my learning would non be portion of this bigger job , I set about my planning with high outlooks for all my students. This position was proven to be instead excessively simplistic during the instruction, but this will be enlarge upon subsequently. The subject of ratio and proportion, harmonizing to the strategy of work, is pre-dominantly a degree 5 6 subject, so would by necessity be disputing for most of the students.With a comparatively unfamiliar with(predicate) category I felt it was of import to get down by measuring how good the category would get by with some of the cardinal mathematical constructs which would be necessary for the subject. The first activity in the instruction, hence, was to re-cap fractions understanding. In peculiar, could the pupils cut down fractions to their simplest signifier, and could they happen fractions of measures? This was mostly a diagnostic appraisal, to set up a starting point for my instruction.Having established that all students had a sound appreciation of simplifying fractions, I introduced the construct of ratios and simplifying of ratios. This was followed by sharing a showd measure by a given ratio, and happening a missing measure given one measure and a ratio.The concluding instruction activity was to present the intellection of proportion and to specify the difference between proportion and ratio.The subject was completed with a summational appraisal, and by self- and peer-assessment in the signifier of production of a posting.For the mantleds of this paper, I will concentrate chiefly on the start of the subject and the decision of the subject, and the appraisal strategies employed at these points. Some reference will be do of the interim instruction, peculiarly with mention to the effectivity or otherwise of appraisal carried out at this phase.The TeachingRe-cap FractionsMy determination to get down this subject with a re-cap of fractions was found on the similarities that I perceive between fractions and ratio. It hence seemed logical, before get downing on a stark naked and potentially ambitious subject, to set up how much the category already knew abou t fractions. As claimed by Ausubel, ( in Clarke, 2005, p12 ) , The most of import individual factor act uponing acquisition is what the scholar already knows. Determine this and learn him consequently. Therefore, the intent of this lesson was diagnostic appraisal to be used to inform the instruction for the balance of the subject. Although diagnostic appraisal has been found to be unproductive if it is simply used for puting intents, it has had benefits if used to place the single acquisition demands of a student. ( Black et al. , 2003 ) .A starter activity ( of fiting braces of tantamount fractions ) indicated that the bulk of the category had an first-class appreciation of this construct. I established this by leting students to work in braces to fit the fractions, and so inquiring persons, or their spouses, for replies. I attempted to use a no hands up attack, as recommended by Lee ( 2006 ) , sometimes utilizing lollipop sticks to choose students to reply. No hands up was a new attack for the category, and many found it hard to defy seting custodies up or shouting out ( or both ) . I would hold with Lee s averment that seting hands up can take to a competitory environment for some students. I would besides propose that it can take to neutrality from other students who see no demand to acquire manifold.Having established that the students possessed an ability to simplify fractions, the following relevant facet of fractions was the ability to happen a fraction of a measure, e.g. A? of 36.Using mini white boards, I was able to set up that all students could work out simple measures. It was so of import to cognize the methods they had employed and to understand their idea procedures, and I used oppugning and synergistic treatment to set up students methods. As Morgan, Watson and Tikly ( 2004, p133 ) put it, cognizing that they can bring forth the right solution is a instead dead-end piece of cognition for the instructor. It would be more helpful to happen out the restrictions of the manner they shortly see the undertaking. Knowing how they see the procedure and what they say to themselves while making it, provides you with a get downing topographic point to learn them to work out more complicated jobs. The popular method of happening A? was halving and halving once more, which led me to revision the inquiring by inquiring how to happen 1/fifth of 30. This in bend led to treatment of division and generation, and through the discourse it became evident that many had troubles with times tabular arraies. As it was non my aim in this lesson to revise times tabular arraies, generation grids were made available to students who asked for them. More students asked for the grids than I had expected, which I view was declarative of a general deficiency of assurance with mental maths. As a signifier of distinction this was powerful for those who needed the grids, but may besides hold led to others seeking an easy option . In the h ereafter I would seek to administer such AIDSs to merely those I believed actually needed them.However, with the usage of the generation grids it was a straight-forward following measure to conk to non-unit fractions, and all students stateed sensible ability to happen fractions of measures.I stated in the debut that the intent of this lesson was mostly to execute a diagnostic appraisal. As a consequence of the lesson I had gained a assurance in my students ability to manage fractions sufficiently good to come on to the following phase. I had non, nevertheless, asked my students to self-assess whether they felt the same. As a consequence, when, towards the terminal of the whole subject, I asked the students to self-assess how they felt about the interact parts of the subject, I was surprised to detect that about all felt that they were ineffective to make fractions . It would look evident that although I believed my students had achieved the acquisition result, by the termin al of the subject they did non portion that persuasion. If I had instigated self-assessment during this lesson, the consequence may hold been different, but I will neer cognize for certain. I agree, with the suggestion of Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot ( 2002, p73 ) , that using effectual signifiers of ego appraisal will do students more responsible for and involved in their ain acquisition .This is an uncouth that I will necessitate to look to better as I move frontward into my following confront of instruction, as it is far more valuable for pupils themselves to take part in the appraisal procedure than for instructors to be the exclusive proctors of advancement. ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p134 ) .Even though the declared intent of the lesson was diagnostic appraisal, I made some effectual usage of formative appraisal during the lesson. For illustration, I used oppugning to place the students methods, and so adjusted my oppugning in repartee to their replies. While t his was effectual, there was range for improved usage of oppugning, to examine deeper into their degree of apprehension.Ratio and ProportionThe chief instruction of ratio and proportion was spread over three lessons. everyplace that period we progressed from basic apprehension of the algorithms to application of the algorithms to existent life type jobs.As the work was spread over three lessons I was afforded the chance to reexamine the work in students books. Mindful of the research findings ( Black et al. Butler Clarke Thorndike in Stobart, 2006 ) , I restricted my marker to placing errors and doing remarks.The research of Thorndike, carried out about a 100 old ages ago, highlighted the comparative consequence of delegating classs to work, i.e. the assignment of classs taking to pupils comparing themselves against one another. This is supported by more recent research summarised by Clarke, ( 2005 ) , to smasher doing a nexus to the impressiveness of measuring attainment against the larning aims instead than against other students.My purpose in placing students errors was to be able to turn to mistakes and misconceptions in subsequent lessons. I was able to make this to some extent, but I do non hold the grounds of a follow-up appraisal to be able to corroborate whether this was all in all successful.The comment-only marker should hold been followed up by leting the pupils clip to reexamine the remarks, and re-work their replies in line with the remarks, as stressed by Black and William ( in Clarke, 2005 ) . I did non let sufficient clip for this to be done. It may besides hold been good at this phase if I had asked the students to notice for themselves on their work, as recommended by Clarke ( 2005 ) . She suggests this as a signifier of self appraisal, whereby the student, holding identified an country for betterment, would discourse the suggestion with the instructor. The in agreement betterment would so be made both in lesson clip or as a pre p activity. In general, the planning of clip to let students to employ the feedback they have received, and the subsequent appraisal of the effects, is an country of failing that I will necessitate to better if my feedback is to be genuinely formative.Another country of appraisal which I was nerve-racking to utilize during this instruction was effectual inquiring. I found a figure of troubles with effectual oppugning in this category, which may good be common across most categories.The first challenge was trying to guarantee all students were involved, without seting undue force per unit area on students who are non comfy replying inquiries in forepart of the whole category. The usage of mated activities helped in some instances, as students were able to give squad replies and support each other if required. Team- or pair-working is a method which I should look to widen in the hereafter, for usage with higher-order inquiries, and to promote the usage of more mathematical lingua l communication. The usage of Study Buddies has been shown to promote non merely mathematical talk and look, but besides peer-assessment and self-reflection ( Lee, 2006 ) .My efforts to guarantee all students were involved in replying inquiries led to some really awkward silences as I allowed the recommended ( Black et al. , 2003 ) wait-time. With one peculiarly quiet student whom I neer persuaded to reply a inquiry, the issue turned out to be merely one of being afraid to acquire it incorrect this was a truly unfortunate state of affairs as it transpired from the terminal of topic trial that she had an first-class appreciation of the work. Not merely was her reserve making her a ill service, but the remainder of the category would besides hold benefited greatly from her part. In add-on, even if she had got it incorrect , this excessively would hold been of benefit. As Lee ( 2006, p26 27 ) states a incorrect reply, possibly more than the right one, helps the instructor b uttocks what further larning students need. End of TopicAt the terminal of the subject I decided to transport out two pieces of assessment a summational trial and a brooding self-assessment.The summational trial besides included some points from the old subject I had taught this group. Its intent was to set up how good the students had remembered subjects they had been taught throughout the old six hebdomads.I was fortunate that this trial took topographic point at the start of Christmas hebdomad , when it was general pattern in the school for lessons to be more relaxed. This allowed me clip to speak separately with each student, to discourse what they had done good and where they may hold had misinterpretations. I was concerned that the students were more interested in the grade they had achieved than in the feedback I was able to give them about their acquisition. Harmonizing to Weeden, Winter and Broadfoot, ( 2002, p115 ) this is non uncommon, as the accent is ever on grade or class and seldom do students truly care about what they really achieved. Although this was designed as a summational appraisal, I was besides able to utilize it formatively by placing a common job with algebra, and turn toing this in the last lesson of term, thereby utilizing the wake of trials as an chance for formative work. ( Black et al, 2003, p55 ) They besides conclude that summational trials should bea a positive portion of the acquisition procedure. ( 2003, p56 )The self-assessment took the signifier of the production of postings summarizing all they had learnt about Ratio and Proportion. The appraisal showed a assorted degree of apprehension, and ability to pass on that apprehension, within the category. One group showed an first-class apprehension and had clearly referred back to their books to guarantee that they included all the freeze right. The EAL pupil had trouble with this activity, so I encouraged him to be really ocular with his posting. Others had taken h apless notes during the instruction and struggled to remember the information this, in itself, was a utile acquisition point for them, as they consider the quality and utility of what they write in their books. ( Two ( contrasting ) postings are included in supplement A ) . Overall, this was an effectual drawing together of the subject, and enabled the students to self-assess their ain acquisition, as the production of postings a requires pupils to reflect upon and organize their cognition in order to pass on it ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p151 )Although this self-assessment enabled students to reflect upon their acquisition, as it took topographic point at the terminal of the subject I was unable to supply an chance for students to set their contemplations into pattern. The appraisal can non hence be findd as genuinely formative. An excess lesson would hold enabled the students to move upon their contemplations, thereby doing the assessment formative.General FindingsExce ssively Much MaterialA repeating job with many of my lessons was trying to grounds excessively much stuff into each lesson. This resulted in me travel rapidlying to acquire through the lesson. I therefore allowed deficient clip for examining and higher-order inquiries. This was to the hurt of my instruction and my students acquisition as instruction is more than make fulling a kid with facts. It starts with presenting hard inquiries ( Spendlove, 2009, p32 ) . I was losing chances, non merely to dispute and excite some of the students, but besides to measure the deepness of their apprehension and place misconceptions at an early phase.Communication and QuestioningMuch formative appraisal can be achieved by effectual communicating and oppugning. Black et al. , found effectual oppugning a led to comfortableer discourse, in which the instructors evoked a wealth of information from which to judge the current apprehension of their pupils. ( 2003, p41 ) However, many secondary sch ool students appear to be fresh to constructive treatment in a lesson environment, and there are considerable challenges involved in altering this state of affairs, particularly if outlooks of communicating are non consistent across a school. Add to this the excess linguistic communication dimension of the mathematics registry as Lee ( 2006 ) calls it, and it goes some manner to explicating the trouble I had in promoting students to speak about their mathematics.While it may be disputing, the benefits of effectual communicating to pupils larning justify attempt being spent to better the quality of communicating in lessons, as larning can non take topographic point in a vacuity and it is at its best when there is a rich bipartisan duologue between instructor and scholar and scholar and scholar. ( Spendlove, 2004, p44 )The countries of communicating in which students are encouraged to go involved include replying inquiries, and explicating their thoughts and methods. This can sho w farther troubles with the usage linguistic communication, peculiarly for students with EAL, who may happen themselves wholly excluded from the discourse. Another group of students who may hold a similar job are those for whom such communicating is unfamiliar outside school. Children aa . from families where English is non the first linguistic communication may be disadvantaged by trust on unwritten interaction. ( Morgan, Watson and Tikly, 2004, p150 )The fact that all students are larning a new mathematical linguistic communication together could be seen as a leveler for the EAL pupils, as all pupils aneed to larn how to utilize mathematical linguistic communication to make, control and show their ain mathematical significances. ( Pimm, in Lee, 2006, p18 ) . Much of the linguistic communication will necessitate to be learnt by both EAL and non-EAL students.As a instructor purpose on promoting the usage of mathematical discourse as portion of formative appraisal in my instruct ion, I will necessitate to run into these challenges creatively.ExpectationsAs mentioned earlier, I set unvarying high outlooks for all my students, but I had given deficient consideration to the comparative nature of the word high . Whilst I believe that I am right to anticipate all of my students to accomplish an apprehension of what they are being taught, how fast and to what degree are things that need to be separately agree. This so leads to the ability of students to measure their ain advancement against agreed marks and aims.I found that one student in the category neer did any work in the lesson until his outlook for that lesson had been separately negotiated with him. He would so bring forth some first-class work, by and large transcending my outlooks. Ollerton, ( 2003 ) relates the importance of students disputing themselves against their ain marks, instead than viing against one another, and that in such a civilization, outlook can be high but accomplishable, holding been negotiated and agreed between student and instructor.Assessment Against LevelsA trouble which has permeated my first instruction pattern has been the definition of degrees at which students are working. There has been an accent placed upon students being cognizant of the degree at which they are working, and being able to measure for themselves how they are come oning against those degrees. There is a danger, nevertheless, that this can take to clicking boxes for each point required within the degree, without needfully developing the apprehension behind the capable stuff. This is similar to the issues liftd by Skemp ( 1976 ) , sing the importance of Relational Understanding as opposed to Instrumental Understanding. It is certainly possible for a student to be assessed, both by themselves and their instructors, to be working at degree 5, for illustration, while missing the relational apprehension to use their accomplishments in other countries.I tested this concern with a Y ear 6 student, with current maths degree ( instructor and trial ) assessed as degree 4a/5c. Without any learning about the topic of ratios ( other than a definition of the word ratio ) , this student was able to use bing mathematical cognition and apprehension to right work out ratio and proportion inquiries graded at degree 6. My twelvemonth 9 students on the other manus, while theoretically working at the same degree, and after several lessons on the topic, were unable or unwilling to utilize their accomplishments to reduce jobs which differed from 1s they had seen antecedently. ( I say unwilling, as I suspect some of their reserve was due to a deficiency of assurance in their ability to undertake more ambitious inquiries. )So, while both the twelvemonth 6 student and the twelvemonth 9 students are assessed as working at the same degree, my belief is that the twelvemonth 6 student shows a far greater relational apprehension, while the twelvemonth 9 students show about merely inst rumental apprehension. This is supported by findings which indicate learning how to go through trials means that pupils may be able to go through even when they do non hold the accomplishments and understanding which the trial is intended to mensurate ( Gordon and Reese in Harlen, 2006, p79 ) .The two groups come from different backgrounds and different acquisition experiences, so it is non possible to pull any decisions, other than to state that the assignment of degrees would look to give small information sing mathematical apprehension and attainment. It is possible that the twelvemonth 6 student has been encouraged to transport out more self find of mathematical constructs, an activity in which the twelvemonth 9 group were loath to prosecute. It concerns me that students are encouraged to mensurate their accomplishment by being able to click boxes instead than understand and use their mathematics. This leads to the consideration of students motive what they want to acquire f rom their instruction.Motivation to LearnA uninterrupted challenge in all lessons has been promoting students to trust to larn. Pupils frequently ask the inquiry, Why do I need to cognize this? , and I confess to sometimes happening this a hard inquiry to reply. One of the primary countries I would seek to better in my instruction is my ability to actuate my students to larn, but first I must understand motive.There are two chief types of motive which encourage students to be in lessons ( as defined by Harlen, 2006 ) extrinsic, where they are motivated by an external end such as deriving a making, and intrinsic, where they are motivated by the end of larning itself. Intrinsic motive is seen as the ideal, since it is more likely to take to a proclivity to go on larning, than larning motivated extrinsically. ( Harlen, 2006, p62 ) , and intrinsic motive is associated with degrees of battle in larning that lead to conceptual apprehension and higher degree believing accomplishment s ( Kellaghan et al. , in Harlen, 2006, p63 ) .So, possibly I could hold used appraisal more efficaciously to increase the intrinsic motive of my students.The work of Harlen, ( 2006 ) identifies possible negative effects of appraisal on student motive, which mostly relate to summative appraisal and judgmental feedback. She besides goes on to depict patterns that maintain motive degrees, including affecting students in self-assessment ( Schunk ) , and the usage of feedback from uninterrupted classwork.None of this, nevertheless, leads to a decision that appraisal can assist increase intrinsic motive. Further factors need to be considered in finding whether this is the instance.There is sure grounds that formative appraisal can raise achievement degrees, as identified by Black et Al ( 2003 ) , but I do non believe that is needfully the same as raising intrinsic motive. Increased intrinsic motive is most likely to originate from bring forthing a echt battle in what is being learnt, and hence lead to a desire to go on that larning throughout life. As Clarke ( 2005 ) claims, affecting pupils in their ain acquisition procedure has had the proved consequence of making life-long, independent scholars.Harlen ( 2006 ) describes two types of involvement single involvement and situational involvement. Students with single involvement in mathematics will persist more and are likely to accomplish good. Sadly, nevertheless, non all students will hold single involvement. Either signifier of involvement will promote students to be involved in acquisition, so the instructor must try to make situational involvement, for illustration, through games. Having encouraged the students engagement through situational involvement, non merely will they get down to larn, but they may besides develop single involvement.One of the keys to making situational involvement is guaranting the students know what they are larning and why, and so supplying formative feedback to the student. Hen ce the importance of formative feedback in making involvement, taking to intrinsic motive. no curricular inspection and repair, no instructional invention, no alteration in school administration, no toughening of criterions, no rethinking of instructor preparation or compensation will win if pupils do non come to school interested in, and committed to, larning. ( Steinberg, in Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p9 )It appears, hence, to be of critical importance that instructors use formative techniques to increase the intrinsic motive of their students to larn. At the same clip, they should avoid actions which will cut down their intrinsic motive.DecisionsThere have been several surveies over the old ages sing the impact of appraisal on students acquisition, notably the work of Black and William, at the abetment of the Assessment Reform Group. These surveies have concluded that for appraisal to raise the criterions of students attainment it must be used formatively. ( Black et al. , 2003 )Reflecting upon my ain instruction and my students acquisition, I must admit that there are many ways in which my pattern can be improved. These include usage of higher-order inquiries, leting for self-discovery of mathematical constructs and leting clip for students to move upon feedback.It is still a duty of the instructor to fix students for external scrutinies, and to describe advancement to interested parties. As such it is necessary to strike a balance between the usage of formative appraisal to back up acquisition, and summational appraisal for coverage intents, but besides to fix students for taking external scrutinies. However, There is ample grounds that the alterations involved ( in bettering formative appraisal ) will raise the tonss of their pupils on normal, conventional trials. ( Black et al. , 2003, p2 )The expression goes, the hog does nt acquire fatter merely by being weighed . Harmonizing to Weeden, Winter, Broadfoot, 2002, p36, Formative Assessment could be an exclusion to this regulation. In this peculiar instance, repeated and ongoing appraisal could really assist to better the quality of acquisition, if the information gleaned from the appraisal is used to do it go on.

Four basic models of the BGS relationship Essay

Dutch-Bangla trust Ltd is a commercial bank of Bangladesh. The bank was established under the Bank Companies Act 1991 and in corporald as a public limited ships company under the Companies Act 1994 in Bangladesh with the primary objective to express on all kinds of banking business in Bangladesh. It is one of the fast growing leading online banks in close sector. This is a descriptive report on Dutch-Bangla Bank Ltd. that mentions the activities of General Banking, On-line banking and corporate neighborly certificate of indebtedness (CSR) of the bank.The bank is established jointly by local Bangladeshi parties spearheaded by M Sahabuddin Ahmed (Founder & Chairman) and the Dutch company FMO.This reports objective is to find by more reading about CSR of Dutch-Bangla Bank contain. I hope that my report on CSR of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited would be a summarized view of CSR activities of Dutch-Bangla Bank.1. INTRODUCTION merged kindly responsibility (CSR) is a form of corporate self-regulation integrated into a business model. CSR policy functions as a built-in, self-regulating mechanism whereby business monitors and ensures its active compliance with the spirit of the law, ethical standards, and world(prenominal) norms. The line corporate social responsibility came in to common use in the late 1960s and untimely 1970s. ISO 26000 is the recognized international standard for CSR (currently a Draft International Standard).Figure 1 Where big corporations expenditure CSR resources The banking sector of Bangladesh has a long history of involvement in benevolent activities like donations to dierent charitable organizations, to forgetful battalion and religious institutions, city beautification and improving art & culture, etc. In a natural calamity-prone surface area like Bangladesh, there remains an existing anddistinctive CSR agenda focused on the business character to tackling social crises in the aected area.Dutch Bangla Bank Limited as a responsible corporate body has been playing a pioneering role in implementing social and philanthropic programs to help disadvantaged heap of the country. Education, healthcare, benevolent resource development, preservation of nature, creation of social awareness, rehabilitation of distressed people and such early(a) programs are some of the significant areas where the bank carries out its social and philanthropic activities. In 2010 alone, DBBL donated BDT 340 million towards social causes.2. Origin of the reportThis report is prepared as a partial requirement of the course, melody Communication, depute by my course instructor Nigar Sultana on incorporated Social Responsibility of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited submitted on 1th December, 2012. The recent activities of various kinds of business firms on CSR have inspire me to do this report on CSR of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited. most recent CSR activities overly influence me to do this report on CSR activity of DBBL.3. caper & PurposeThis r eport is divided into two objectives. Those are Primary ObjectivesThe primary objectives are To find out more tuition about CSR of Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited & new fields of their CSR.Secondary Objectives To develop skills of composing a formal report, techniques and principles as sanitary. 4. Scope of the reportThis report can be used by others as secondary information. The information of this report will be used for any other comply or making any other document. To find any new mountain chain of CSR, anyone can cook help from this report & its information.5. Limitations of the reportI didnt face any major limitations in this research. But, if I personally go DBBLs head office, that will be more helpful for me. There is as well some time pressure for making this report properly. Because of time limitations, I cannot collect my require information properly.6. FindingsBy investigate about CSR of Dutch-Bangla Bank Ive to know about their regular CSR activities. DBBLs Corporate Social Responsibilities are-1. In Education sectors,2. In wellness sectors,3. In Social Welfare.6.1 In EducationDBBL is providing scholarships to students, peculiarly for those who cannot continue their study due to financial constraint as well as to the meritorious and free students every year since 2003. The bank awards around 300 new scholarships of Tk. 1,000 per month every year along with continuing scholarship for those studying at HSC level. The Graduation level scholarships of Tk. 2,000 per month are renewable for their consummate academic period of graduation level. DBBL has decided to award financial support to SSC and HSC students this year. According to the official information revealed by Bangladesh Bank, DBBL spent more than Tk 172 million in various CSR activities in 2011. Dutch-Bangla Bank awarded scholarships to meritorious unless needy students including physically disabled students who passed HSC Examination in 2010 and studying at graduate level.The Dutch-Ba ngla Bank Ltd (DBBL) also decided to donate Tk 9.73 crore to capital of Bangladesh University (DU) for establishing a research centre on the university campus. The DBBL Board of Directors in its 77th impact decided to donate the money for constructing an 11-storey research centre Dutch-Bangla Bank Centre for advance(a) Research in Arts and Social Sciences Bhaban on the DU campus. The research centre, which would be the first of its kind in the country, will be supervised by ren throwed teachers, scholars and researchers. It will alsoaward scholarship to researchers and scholars at home and abroad. Some more information Handed over the Letter of Commitment for donating Tk. 9.73 crore to Dhaka University for constructing Dutch-Bangla Bank Centre for Advanced Research in Arts & Social Sciences on February 27, 2008. Donated reference books to the library of dierent educational institutions like BSMMU, Dhaka University etc. Donated Tk. 15.00 lac for purchasing academic reference book s for Dhaka University Central Library on June 8, 2006. 6.2 In HealthDBBL is just not a bank, it also a producer of CSR. It has some contributions on health sectors of Bangladesh.DBBL do many CSR activities related public health such as they contributed to Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) build a new auditorium and to by new equipments. Also donated an ambulance to Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU. Under the DBBL Smile-Brighter Program, Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited organized a 4 day-Iong plastic surgery operation, during September 06 to 09, 2006 in Faridpur for the poor cleft-lipped boys and girls at the banks own cost to bring back enduring smile on their faces. With handsome financial support from the Dutch-Bangla Bank Foundation (DBBF), ICDDR,B is setting up a world-class blood bank that will provide blood transfusion services to patients attending its Dhaka Hospital and others in need. Some more Information Cleft-lip problem is not only a health problem b ut it aects the whole family along with the victim. Since 2003 DBBL is working with these assailable groups under its Smile Brighter Program to bring back smile on their face and to enable them to straggle normal life. This is a continuous program aiming to perform as much operation possible per year. amount of money 5,000 poor cleft-lipped boys and girls have so far been successfully operated across the country till date. The Board of Directors of DBBL give over the Commitment Letter for the donation of BDT 11.476 million to Dr. M. A. Salam, Director of ICDDR,B at a simple solemnity held at the conference room of ICDDR,B on June 03, 2009. DBBL launched a free treatment over the country in many Public hospital in every week to eradicate diseses from thecountry. They also launched HEALTH administer INFORMATION seminar over the country in different times in the year to convey the informations over the rural and uneducated people. DBBL is also contributing for the HIV/AIDS patients including women and children.They managed the ARV(Anti-Retro-Viral) to them and treat them properly. As a part of Corporate Social Responsibility, Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited has donated an amount of Tk 2.02 crore to Diabetic Association this year. DBBL donated generous amount of money to dierent health organizations for medical instruments and medical infrastructural development such as operation theatres, laboratory, hospital building, etc.6.3 In Social upbeatDutch-Bangla Bank Limited has been playing a pioneering role in executing social and philanthropic programs since its inception to reduce the sufferings of the common man and helping the disadvantaged people of the country. In order to implement programs related to social cause with more dedication, Dutch-Bangla Bank Foundation(DBBF) was established in 2001. A number of sectors are on the focus list of the bank. Education, health care, human resource development, conservation of nature, creation of social awareness, rehabilitation of destitute people and such other programs are some of the important areas where the Bank is carrying out its social and philanthropic activities. Dutch-Bangla Bank do huge amount of CSR for social welfare like, has donated a huge amount of money to EKMATTRA for establishing EKMATTRA-Dutch-Bangla Bank Academy to provide education as well as other facilities for underprivileged children of the country. Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited has extended financial assistance amounting to Tk. 18.5 lac to 17 NGOs set-aside(p) in rehabilitation of the disabled children of Bangladesh on June 05, 2006.Some more information For the development of the vulnerable segments of Bangladesh, DBBL assist to rehabilitate the acid and dowry victim women by providing one-time financial assistance for establishing small scale agro-based rural economic enterprise to be self-reliant. DBBL provides financial support forrehabilitation of physically handicapped, mental impaired, visually impaired, a udience impaired, autistic and street children by ensuring education and vocational training. DBBL runs mass awareness programs on dierent burning issues finished print and electronic media. Some remarkable issues are as follows Save the Nation from curse of Dowry, chuck up the sponge Acid violence, Prevent Drug Abuse, Tree plantation and preservation of surroundings, Right of disable children etc. fiscal support to Nirapad Sharak Chai for helping the victims of road accident and mass campaign for prevention of traffic accident. City beautification and preserving environment to develop an eco-friendly society for healthy human life.6.4 Rewards Southern University Bangladesh (SUB) conferred Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) award on the Dutch-Bangla Bank (DBBL) for its immense contribution to different fields in the society. In 2007, the bank won the Bangladesh Business awardings for being the Best Financial Institution mainly for its commitment to technology and communit y service. The DBBL received an international award on CSR from Asian Institute of Management, Manila in the 3rd Annual Asian CSR Award ceremony. Also granted numerous national and international awards for its role in the development of Bangladesh.7. RecommendationsBy cognize & analyzing regular CSR activities of Dutch-Bangla Bank, the bank can easily find out the new field or scope for their CSR activities. DBBL can increase their budget for CSR activity to increase their popularity & market share. They should give more attention for CSR in disaster relief. Because, their CSR on disaster relief is very helpful for the affected poor people.8. Conclusion objet dart the Dutch-Bangla Bank Limited is a business enterprise, its Foundation, established in June 2001, is dedicated to working in social arenas with the greatest need, as part of their corporate social responsibility (CSR). The Dutch-Bangla Bank Foundation carries out various(a) social and philanthropicactivities in the fie ld of education, health, conservation of nature, social awareness, human rehabilitation, and other programs to reduce human suffering. The social commitment of the Dutch-Bangla Bank and the Foundation is clearly reflected in their Vision and Mission.9. AppendixBangladesh Bank annual CSR report 2009Bangladesh Bank annual CSR report 2010World CSR surveyAnnual report of DBBLDocuments from Dutch-Bangla bank limited.10. Bibliographywww.dbbl.comwww.wikipedia.com/dutchbanglabankwww.ssupport.comwww.google.comwww.bangladeshbank.org quotidian Newspapers

Housing Industry Research Essay

People would often refer to touchable realm and trapping assiduity as the best way to build up riches, or possibly the best, easiest and swift way for anybody to get rich. Most of the beat, the terms real estate sedulousness and lodgment diligence argon being used interchangeably by people, not knowing the very basic distinctions between the ii terminologies. Real estate industry to a greater extent(prenominal) form tout ensembley refers to the industry that focuses on simply buying and exchange real estate properties.Whereas, the hold industry is more concerned on developing and incorporating melioratements to a real estate property. Basically, those that ar in the real estate industry be doing much more of retail business, while those in the housing industry atomic number 18 doing much more of service and n unrivalledtheless(prenominal), research, design, and manual work. The housing industry is the industry which is primarily concerned in grammatical reflection and developing houses and housing designs for buck private individuals, for political relation housing projects and for a local community.Moreover this is also the industry which provides the basic materials such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the structure materials, and problematic escape materials for a housing project. When you drive or ride through a community, the revolution of architecture often reflects some of the history of the community or the locality. Architectural styles of the past are illust yardd in the older neighborhoods but also influence the styles of kinsfolks built today. In a community, the housing industry is the one which is mainly concerned in all these.For or so communities, there is besides one housing industry which abide be regarded as the main housing industry of the community. This can be a company, or a group of companies that would generally dominate all the housing projects in spite of appearance the locality, be it a private housing project or a housing project from the government. Mostly, these housing industries would dominate the workscaping industry, hard escape industry, and the hardware, grammatical construction equipments and materials industry as well.Since virtually people believe in the logical front that as one industry goes up the b pretermit, a counter industry would fall down the cherry-red this would lead numerous to believe that the immediate spike in the culture technology and communications industry would leave other industries such as the real estate industry and housing industry, to experience its intimately protracted even out for several years. This is actually the opposite of whats really happening in the parsimoniousness, for many a(prenominal) years, the housing industry has hold oned as one of the almost durable industries all over the globe.Indeed the housing industry has had its consider of downs and suffered greatly from stinting destabilizations, inflations and other economi c fluctuations, but in spite of all these, it has retained itself as still one of the most promising, and stable industry. With nearly 17 million unfermented conventional places added over the past decade, the ingleside building industry continues to set new records and standards. In 2005 alone, single-family starts exceeded 1. 7 millionfar and away the voluminousst number ever. Thanks to a stable economy and menial mortgage interest rank, the home building industry has not seen a significant downturn since the early 1990s.This incontestable stretch of strong, stable growth in the home building industry has ushered-in a period of successfulness for major builders and supported a wave of mergers and acquisitions within the industry. In the early 1990s, the top 10 builders in the country accounted for less than 10 percent of all conventional new single-family home sales. By 2004, their share had risen to over 20 percent in most major metropolitan sports stadiums larger builde rs survive an plain great grocery store share. There are three major suits for the dramatic increase in the dental plate among the home builders.The change in the access to capital is one of these reasons. After World state of war II, the savings and loan industry was the trail source of capital for the home building industry. With the collapse of many of these institutions in the late 1980s, builders had to turn to other sources of financing. Banks and private funds companies crap thus, stepped in to fill the bespeak for capitals and investments. These funding companies gave an edge to the housing industries since their presence meant easier access to capitals.Another reason is the change in the land use regulation. More and more communities are restricting residential development in an effort to execute growth. As a result, the development process in many locations takes longer than it once did, with land company and entitlement typically more complex and costly. This again creates a premium for scale of operations, since smaller builders often lack the resources to work with local officials over extended periods to secure the necessary approvals.The third reason is the change in economic environment. This has favored large-scale home builder industries. The strong economic environment for home mental synthesis over the past decades has ushered a stable growth and low mortgage interest rates that grow prevented a major recession in the home building industry since 1991. This combination of market conditions has produced sensory increases in top-line growth and bottom-line fiscal performance for large home building companies.Between 1999 and 2004, builders of 500 units or more each year realized inflation-ad fairished revenue growth of 135 percent. In addition, their gross margins on homes interchange and net income each increased about 4. 5 percentage points. With industry consolidation permit come new opportunities. To increase their scale and overall capabilities, larger-scale builders have incentives to reinvest in their operations by adding information systems for estimating, scheduling, and purchasing, or investing in panel plants to save time and costs in the construction process.With such investments, larger home builders continue to improve their run performance, at a much faster rate relative to smaller builders. Better performance encourages even more builder consolidation, which in turn produces even greater scale economies, creates more incentives for investments to leverage these opportunities, and so on. This troll would dictate further consolidation and greater efficiency in the home building industry in the years ahead.When asked to name the single most important reason for their young financial performance, over half of the corporate-level survey respondents attributed their success to strong housing market fundamentals, and nearly a third cited their land assembly strategies. Another 13 percent con sidered modify guest satisfaction the key to profitability. In sharp contrast, few respondents attributed their success to shorter construction cycles, savings on product purchase, man mightiness, on-site construction costs, and other operable efficiencies.Still, evidence of operational improvements does exist, particularly within the divisions of national and international home builders. Although their homes have become bigger and have incorporated blueer-quality materials in recent years, national and international home builders have been cut the construction time to minimal, victuals cost increases at modest levels, and significantly improve customer satisfaction scores, in parallel to improvements in the quality of immaculate products.Local divisions of regional builders have been less successful in improving the efficiency of their operations. Improvements in home building efficiency were the most common results from the implementing of advanced operating practices. Stu dies from Harvard have cited four general types of operating practices that homebuilders especially those at large scale, have used to their advantage. 1. Coordination with subcontractors. Subcontractors are typically the ones who purchase the materials used in home building, making payments to contractors a major expense category for homebuilders.Innovative builder practices in this area include initiatives such as making scheduling information easily accessible to subcontractors, automatically notifying subcontractors of enrolment changes, and frequently updating the job site production schedule. As a result, increased efficiencies in the building process and lower production costs is maintained. 2. Component preassembly. Preassembling major components such as roof trusses allows greater precision in manufacturing and often provides cost savings by substituting semi- practised off-site labor for skilled on-site labor.The preassembly process is also more good when done off-site, thereby creating the potential for shorter construction cycle time, and even so, smaller labor costs. 3. Supplier installing. In many product categories, builders have begun to purchase installation operate from the manufacturers or distributors. Supplier installation helps to limit product disputes over the source of any problems. In addition, this practice can reduce construction labor needs since product manufacturers and distributors typically serve broader geographic areas than subcontractors. 4.Supply chain focusing. Supply chain management covers a broad range of practices from price negotiations for products and value-added services to the implementation of information systems to support purchasing and inventory management. Supply chain management is an area where scale economies give larger builders an obvious edge over their smaller competitors. Innovative operating practices help large home builders not only run their operations more efficiently and use their market ad vocator more effectively, but also better manage risk especially financial risks and risks in operations.Builders have reduced their exposure by controlling more land through options, joint ventures, and other approaches that keep land costs off their books until they buy the entitled lots. In this way, builders only incur these expenses close to the time of construction. With more efficient operations and better management controls, large builders typically do not undertake construction until a home is pre-sold. Across builders surveyed, 73 percent of all homes closed in 2004 were sold before construction began an increase from 70 percent in 1999.National builders pre-sold over three-quarters of homes closed in 2004, while regional builders pre-sold about two-thirds. Larger builders have incentives to adopt innovative operating practices because they have the market power to implement these efficiencies and can leverage the benefits across a broader range of operating divisions. T he financial requital for these improvements, however, depends greatly on conditions in the local market. Over the past years, consolidation of the home builders has dramatically changed the home building industry.In addition to change financial performance, the adoption of innovative practices and methodologies related to product scattering and assembly line and development, has improved the operational performance of large builders along such dimensions as construction cycle time, efficiency of the building process, stability, style, and overall quality of structures, and customer satisfaction. In generating these efficiencies, builders have helped to streamline processes end-to-end the entire homebuilding industry. Home buyers have also benefited in parallel to the home building improvements.More efficient builder operations have kept construction costs low and customer satisfaction levels highschool, allowing builders to toss more model home options and more product choice s without any corresponding increases in prices. In addition, greater efficiency has enabled builders to pre-sell more homes, which in turn has reduced the risk of overbuilding, and thus reduced the risk or putting the company financial trend line on the red. By keeping supply in line with guide, home builders have helped to bring greater stability to house prices, since overbuilding has historically been a principal cause of house price declines.Whether these improvements will continue as market conditions change remains to be seen. One encouraging sign is that operating efficiencies, as opposed to financial performance, have increased most in more competitive markets. If the housing market weakens in the years ahead and competition increases, larger builders still have the potential to improve their operations and maintain their strong financial performance. In communities where demand is strong but residential development opportunities are limited, house price appreciation tends to be high.In markets where price appreciation is low, land is generally more accessible and builders face fewer barriers to entry. As a result, construction activity can respond very quickly to changes in demand. As market conditions shift, however, builders can get caught with excess inventory, which drives down area-wide house prices. In these markets, builders must run their operations efficiently to remain profitable. In high-appreciation markets, demand for new homes is generally greater than the number of homes that can be added under animate land use and building regulations.This limits the risk of rapid overbuilding. devoted that it takes more time and resources to build in these markets, higher barriers to entry and higher land costs push up the average price of homes sold. Builders running(a) in these communities generally put a premium on their land acquisition and development strategy. Since they are often able to achieve higher margins on homes sold in these market s, they may put less emphasis on operational efficiencies. The market conditions that have helped to create a more efficient home building industry over the past years have also, in turn, favored the housing consumers.A more stable economy, with more muted cycles and low inflation, has produced some of the lowest long-term interest rates in a generation. Low interest rates, together with low unemployment rates, have also provided greater financial security for many citizens and thus minded(p) them more initiative to build their own households or improve their topical household. Internationally, house prices have raised an average of 127 percent since 1990, with nearly half of this increase overture since 2000. Until recently, economic cycles interacted with housing cycles to produce tremendous volatility in home prices.From 1975 to 1993, house prices rose more slowly than overall inflation in 10 of the 19 years, or over half of the time. In each of the 12 years since 1993, howeve r, house price appreciation has exceeded the pace of inflation. Builders that have already take more innovative practices have clearly profited from their investments. New practices related to product distribution and assembly has improved the operational performance of large builders, particularly in terms of construction cycle time and customer satisfaction, and thus greatly increasing their profits.Although being in the housing industry has a lot of economic advantages it is undeniable that there are still various external, economical, factors that can negatively affect this industry. A low economy, and low living standards, would most likely correspond to a decrease in the demands for housing industries. intrinsic disasters and calamities such as earthquakes, floods and typhoons that would occur at an unfortunate time, would leave home builders hanging in the deadlines for complete their projects, since building cannot continued during such occasions.Generally speaking, the h ousing industry reflects the type of economy in a given region or locality. A region with a high economic state, low inflation, and high monetary value would most likely have a high level of housing industry in turn. The houses in the said region would also be of high quality however, man power for construction would also come at higher rates at such an area. A stable economy in terms of monetary value and inflation would be the most ideal economy for a successful housing industry. Even high-performing builders still have the potential to make more improvements.Given that their strong financial performance has largely resulted from their leaders land positions in booming housing markets, builders just have not to focus on implementing innovative practices and on maximizing operational efficiencies. Larger builders are those that would especially benefit from focusing on efficiency. Local builders with closings of 10,000 homes or more in 2004 topiced implementing only half of the c ommon innovative practices, while the divisions of builders with sales of 2,500 to 10,000 homes implemented less than 40 percent of the innovative practices.There are many valid reasons why implementation has been relatively weak. The corporate offices of larger builders report above-average development of innovative procedures, but implementation at the division level has often lagged. With the increase in the number of acquisitions in recent years, many of these divisions have only recently come under management of the acquiring builder and may thus need additional time to implement new systems and procedures.Furthermore, given their strong financial performance in recent years, corporate offices have less incentive and reason to develop new procedures for their local divisions, and local divisions have less incentive and reason to implement such changes. Whether builders will seize these opportunities remains to be seen. One encouraging sign, however, is that operational improvem ents have increased the most where house price appreciation is relatively low and no one builder dominates the market.If the house building industry weakens in the years ahead, house price appreciation is likely to slow and more builders are likely to compete within individual markets, these are exactly the conditions that lead to the development and implementation of operational improvements made in recent years. This means that a crisis such as the weakening of the economy leading to the weakening of the housing market, although has its undeniable negative effects in the housing industry, on the positive side, it would someway force the home building industry to continuously and further develop and implement more and more innovations in their systems.Nonetheless, this would consequently lead to further innovations and efficiencies in the home building industry, and thus more high quality and affordable choices of homes for the consumers.ReferencesWhats next for housing industy CI Os. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. cio. com/article/134004 Seiders, D. F. (2006, September 19). Housing economics. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. nbnnews. com/houseecon/issues/2006-09-19. html soft roe N. (2005, April 27). Housing market crisis threatens economy.Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. workers. org/2005/us/housing-0505/ Schoen J. W. (2007, June 19). Housing industry still looking for the bottom. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. msnbc. msn. com/id/19311316/ Buban C. E. (2007, December 22). Housing developers and current industry trends. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//showbizandstyle. inquirer. net/ lifestyle/view_article. php? article_id=108293 Zito K. (2006, June 16). Billions to state from housing. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. sfgate. com/cgi-bin/article.cgi? f=/c/a/2006/06/16/BUG77JER951. DTL Housing slump reflects worsening economic crisis. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//en. internationalism. org/inter/144 /housing-slump A new paradigm of the housing industry. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. meti. go. jp/english/newtopics/selective information/nBackIssue20080408_01. html Brief overview of the housing economy. Retrieved April 20, 2008, from http//www. oppapers. com/essays/Brief-Overview-Housing-Economy/116741 Barry S. Housing industry, subprime loans and mortgage woes how serious is it? Retrieved